Table 2. NB literature review with focus on human tissue localization, pathology implication, and methods of culture and detection used for identification of NB.

Source of NB	Disease Implications	Culture Mediuma			Immuno-detection		Ref.
		No Serum	Medium+ FBS	Medium+ γ-FBS	Methodb	Antibodyc
Kidney stones	Kidney stone formation	+	−	+	IF	8/0, 5/2	[5]
Kidney stones	Kidney stone formation	+	−	−	None	None	[67]
Kidney stones	Kidney stone formation	+	+	−	WB, OI	Polyclonal	[15]
Kidney stones	Kidney stone formation	+	−	−	IF	8D10	[17]
Kidney tissues from cancer patients	Kidney stone formation	+	+	−	ELISA, IH	8D10	[34]
Kidney fluids from polycystic kidney patients	Polycystic kidney diseases	+	−	+	DB, IF	8/0, 5/2	[60]
Urinary tract stone from one astronaut	Urinary tract stone formation	+	−	+	IF	8D10	[71]
Urinary tract stones	None	−	+	−	IF	NM	[14]
Urine from patients with prostatitis	Prostatitis	−	−	+	IF	8D10	[72]
Calcified heart tissues	Pathological calcification	−	−	+	IF, IH	8D10	[16]
Calcified heart tissues	Pathological calcification	−	−	+	None	None	[37]
Calcified aortic heart valves	Heart valve calcification	−	−	+	None	None	[36]
Bile and serum from cholecystolithiasis patients	Cholecystolithiasis	+	−	+	IF, ELISA	NM	[73]
Bile from cholecystolithiasis patients	Gallstone formation	−	−	+	I-EM, IH	8D10	[18]
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line	Nasopharyngeal cancer	−	−	+	IF	5/2	[74]
Joint fluids from arthritic patients	Arthritis	+	−	−	None	None	[75]
Sera from normal and diseased animals	None	+	−	−	None	None	[13]
FBS, human saliva, and dental plaque	None	+	−	+	None	None	[12]
FBS and human serum	Pathological calcification	+	−	+	IF	8/0, 5/2	[2]
FBS and cell lines	Cell culture contamination	−	+	−	None	None	[76]
FBS	None	−	+	−	I-EM, WB	8/0, 5/2	[32
NB strains DSM 5819-21	Pathological calcification	−	+	−	IH	8D10	[77]
NB strain Seralab 901045	None	+	+	−	WB, IF	8D10, polyclonal	[19]
NB strain Seralab 901045	Pathological calcification	−	+	+	IF	8/0, 5/2	[69]
NB strain Seralab 901045 and others	Pathological calcification	+	+	+	IF, WB	8/0, 5/2	[70]
NB strain Seralab 901045 and tumor tissues	Intratumoral calcification	+	−	−	IF	A4002	[78]

^aDMEM was used in most studies; RPMI-1640 was used in the remaining few.

^bImmuno-detection: immuno-fluorescence (IF), Western blotting (WB), Ouchterlony immuno-diffusion assay (OI), enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA), immuno-histochemistry (IH), dot-blotting (DB), and immuno-gold TEM (I-EM).

^c8D10, 8/0, 5/2, and A4002 are commercial monoclonal antibodies raised against bovine NB (Nanobac Oy). Polyclonal antibodies were also generated against different NB cultures. NM: Not mentioned.