Table 1. Time lag between first planting and start of invasion in Manoa Valley (Honolulu, HI) for plants that eventually became recognized as invasive pests.

Invader	Life form	Year first planted	Year first recorded escaping	Lag (years)	Years from planting to first reproduction 2
Acacia confusa Merr.	woody	1922	1938	16	2–4
Angiopteris evecta (J.R. Forst.)	herb	1935	1939	4	2–4
Ardisia elliptica Thunb.	woody	1920	1938	18	2–3
Ardisia virens Kurz1	woody	1979	1981	2	2–3
Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol.	woody	1921	1932	11	3
Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.	woody	1921	1943	22	3–5
Cinnamomum verum J. Presl	woody	1921	1939	18	3–5
Citharexylum caudatum L.	woody	1931	1937	6	2–3
Clerodendrum macrostegium Schauer	woody	1981	1983	2	2–3
Clusia rosea Jacq.	woody	1927	1943	16	4–8
Falcataria moluccana (Miquel) Barneby & Grimes	woody	1920	1934	14	4–8
Heliconia latispatha Benth.	herb	1931	1937	6	2
Leptospermum polygalifolium Salisb.	woody	1923	1932	9	2–4
Macaranga mappa (L.) Muell.-Arg.	woody	1922	1941	19	2–4
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg.	woody	1922	1939	17	2–4
Prunus grisea Kalkman1	woody	1985	1989	4	3–4
Psidium cattleianum Sabine	woody	1920	1938	18	3–4
Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) H.A.T. Harms	woody	1920	1937	17	3–4
Spathodea campanulata Beauv.	woody	1920	1938	18	3–4
Sphaeropteris cooperi (Hook. ex F. Muell.) Domin	woody	1927	1934	7	2–3
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels	woody	1923	1943	20	3–4
Toona ciliata Roem.	woody	1921	1941	20	5–10
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume	woody	1923	1938	15	4–8

¹So far, recorded only as a pest on the arboretum grounds.

²Based on personal observations in Hawai'i by the author.