Fig. 7.

Mechanisms involved in the inhibitory effect of IES on gastric emptying. A: IES reduced fundic tone via the nitrergic [nitric oxide (NO)] pathway, reduced antral contractions via the sympathetic (Sym) pathway, had no effect on pyloric tone, and reduced duodenal contractions via the sympathetic pathway. All these inhibitory effects resulted in delayed gastric emptying. B: l-NNA blocked the inhibitory effect of IES on gastric tone, reduced pyloric tone, and almost restored gastric emptying.