Table 1.

Downstream Events and Molecules Engaged by CCN1 Signaling

Event	Mechanisms	Reference
Kinase pathways	PI3K, Akt, ILK, GSK3P, CDK2, ERK	55–58, 60, 67
Transcription factors	NFκB, LEF/β-catenin, c-myc, p53, AP-1	39, 55, 59, 68
Upregulated proteins	integrins, MMPs, chemokines, smooth muscle α-actin, αv, α5, α3 integrins, CXCR1,2	56–58, 60, 61
Apoptosis	XIAP, Bax, Bad, p53, p21WAFI, TRAIL, Caspase-3	55, 56, 59, 63, 67
Adhesion	FAK, paxillin, Rac	57, 69
Enzymes	MMP-1,3, uPA, TIMP-1, PAI-1	57, 60
Integrin binding	αMβ2, αIIbβ3, αvβ3, αvβ5, α6β1 ± heparin	22, 23, 28–30, 70
Growth factors and cytokines	VEGF-A, VEGF-C, IL-1β	60, 61
Cell functions	adherence, proliferation, migration, spreading, chemotaxis, focal adhesion formation, formation of lamellipodia, chemoresistance, and supression of cell growth	1, 3, 29, 30, 56, 57, 68