Table 1.
Relative branch lengths for ITS1, ITS2 and combined ITS sequences between comparisons of recently diverged annual (before the slash) and perennial (after the slash) species when two different phylogenetically related outgroup taxa are used.
| Taxaa | ITS1 | Rate Δb | A/Pc | ITS2 | Rate Δ | A/P | ITS | Rate Δ | A/P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabidopsis | 0.042/0.033 | 1.30 | A | 0.034/0.034 | 1 | = | 0.039/0.033 | 1.17 | A |
| 0.047/0.029 | 1.59 | A | 0.041/0.021 | 1.90 | A | 0.044/0.026 | 1.66 | A | |
| Astragalus | 0.038/0.033 | 1.15 | A | 0.045/0.033 | 1.37 | A | 0.043/0.034 | 1.28 | A |
| 0.039/0.034 | 1.15 | A | 0.043/0.038 | 1.15 | A | 0.041/0.036 | 1.14 | A | |
| Lupinus | 0.044/0.009 | 4.91 | A | 0.021/0.015 | 1.35 | A | 0.032/0.013 | 2.53 | A |
| 0.033/0.021 | 1.55 | A | 0.021/0.016 | 1.33 | A | 0.028/0.017 | 1.63 | A | |
| Bellis | 0.012/0.004 | 3.35 | A | 0.015/0.000 | - | A | 0.014/0.001 | 9.20 | A |
| 0.012/0.004 | 3.30 | A | 0.010/0.005 | 2.11 | A | 0.011/0.004 | 2.70 | A | |
| Erigeron | 0.018/0.010 | 1.86 | A | 0.045/0.012 | 3.64 | A | 0.029/0.011 | 2.65 | A |
| 0.011/0.019 | 1.74 | P | 0.005/0.058 | 11.7 | P | 0.006/0.039 | 6.53 | P | |
| Machaeranthera | 0.028/0.015 | 1.92 | A | 0.024/0.009 | 2.56 | A | 0.026/0.012 | 2.17 | A |
| 0.044/0.013 | 3.36 | A | 0.004/0.031 | 7.76 | P | 0.016/0.023 | 1.45 | P | |
| Claytonia | 0.080/0.024 | 3.30 | A | 0.065/0.006 | 10.0 | A | 0.075/0.014 | 5.30 | A |
| 0.083/0.019 | 4.43 | A | 0.063/0.013 | 5.01 | A | 0.073/0.015 | 4.78 | A | |
| Collomia | 0.017/0.029 | 1.79 | P | 0.014/0.019 | 1.35 | P | 0.016/0.024 | 1.44 | P |
| 0.008/0.039 | 4.98 | P | 0.019/0.014 | 1.35 | A | 0.014/0.027 | 1.90 | P | |
| Erodium | 0.032/0.007 | 4.72 | A | 0.021/0.015 | 1.40 | A | 0.025/0.012 | 2.11 | A |
| 0.031/0.009 | 3.48 | A | 0.026/0.011 | 2.39 | A | 0.029/0.009 | 3.16 | A | |
| Linanthus | 0.068/0.012 | 5.81 | A | 0.049/0.043 | 1.15 | A | 0.057/0.027 | 2.13 | A |
| 0.071/0.008 | 8.55 | A | 0.039/0.054 | 1.38 | P | 0.055/0.029 | 1.85 | A | |
| Nicotiana | 0.033/0.017 | 1.97 | A | 0.035/0.029 | 1.20 | A | 0.033/0.023 | 1.47 | A |
| 0.039/0.010 | 3.96 | A | 0.023/0.039 | 1.71 | A | 0.032/0.024 | 1.33 | A | |
| Potentilla | 0.037/0.059 | 1.59 | P | 0.026/0.021 | 1.24 | A | 0.033/0.041 | 1.26 | P |
| 0.038/0.054 | 1.42 | P | 0.037/0.008 | 4.79 | A | 0.038/0.033 | 1.15 | A | |
| Ranunculus | 0.019/0.022 | 1.08 | P | 0.025/0.019 | 1.27 | A | 0.023/0.021 | 1.08 | A |
| 0.009/0.029 | 3.15 | P | 0.039/0.006 | 6.93 | A | 0.023/0.019 | 1.21 | A | |
| Sanicula | 0.01/0.031 | 3.20 | P | 0.013/0.119 | 9.27 | P | 0.011/0.074 | 6.67 | P |
| 0.007/0.031 | 4.17 | P | 0.022/0.114 | 5.12 | P | 0.015/0.071 | 4.70 | P | |
| Sidalcea | 0.034/0.019 | 1.79 | A | 0.077/0 | N/A | A | 0.056/0.008 | 6.68 | A |
| 0.030/0.019 | 1.56 | A | 0.063/0.005 | 11.9 | A | 0.045/0.013 | 3.57 | A | |
| Vulpia/Festuca | 0.060/0.009 | 6.35 | A | 0.075/0.009 | 8.70 | A | 0.068/0.010 | 7.02 | A |
| 0.058/0.012 | 4.89 | A | 0.067/0.009 | 7.30 | A | 0.061/0.012 | 5.09 | A | |
| Number of annuals exhibiting | 12 (0.038) |
13 (0.011) |
12 (0.038) |
||||||
| longer branch lengthsd | 11 (0.105) |
12 (0.038) |
11 (0.105) |
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a Taxa used for each comparison (see Table 4).
b Rate difference (Rate Δ) between ingroup taxa was calculated by dividing the taxon exhibiting the faster substitution rate (longer branch length) by the taxon with the slower substitution rate (shorter branch length).
c A indicates the annual had a faster substitution rate than perennial, P indicates the perennial had a higher substitution rate and = indicates equal rates.
d p-values of a one-tailed sign test with a null hypothesis of equal frequency are indicated in parentheses
The first row of each annual/perennial comparison gives the estimated substitution rate (or branch length) with the less divergent outgroup and the second row gives the estimates for the more divergent outgroup.
Bold entries indicate statistically significant rate heterogeneity by the maximum likelihood relative rate test.