Table 1. Alternative estimates of the period mean age at death (assuming no mortality under age 30).

	Mean age at death, females, 1980—1995
	M1(t)	M2(t)	M3(t) (= e0(t))	M4(t)	Tempo effect M3(t)-M4(t)
France	79.0	79.2	81.4	79.0	2.4
Sweden	79.5	79.5	81.1	79.4	1.6
U.S.	78.3	78.3	79.9	78.3	1.6

Source: Death rates from University of California, Berkeley Mortality Data Base, available at www.demog.berkeley.edu/wilmoth/mortality.