Table 1.

Young and older adults' characteristics and raw scores (mean, standard deviation, and ranges) on the neuropsychological tests

	Young adults			Older adults
	Mean	Standard deviation	Ranges	Mean	Standard deviation	Ranges
Age	21.7	3.5	18–29	68.8	3.4	63–76
Years of education	15.6	2.3	13–22	16.2	2.2	12–21
Mini Mental State Examination	29.1	0.8	28–30	29.4	1.1	26–30
CVLT immediate free recall**	13.7	1.6	11–16	11.4	3.0	5–16
CVLT immediate cued recall*	14.1	1.4	12–16	12.9	2.2	7–16
CVLT delayed free recall*	13.8	1.3	11–16	12.2	2.7	6–16
CVLT delayed cued recall*	14.4	1.4	12–16	13.0	2.4	7–16
NYU paragraph immediate recall	8.0	3.0	5–15	7.4	2.2	2–11
NYU paragraph delay recall*	11.2	2.5	8–16	9.2	2.5	5–14
Forward/backward digit span	19.3	3.9	15–28	19.9	4.1	13–27
Digit/symbol substitution test***	64.6	10.9	47–92	49.4	9.1	30–70
Trail Making test A***	20.1	3.8	15–28	29.0	7.5	18–52
Trail Making test B***	47.3	13.3	28–70	70.5	23.7	44–143
Letter Fluency	44.6	15.1	23–71	49.5	11.3	23–75
Category fluency	22.3	4.0	15–28	21.6	4.2	12–32
Wtar FSIQ	112.1	6.8	94–122	114.5	3.7	106–119
Beck Depression inventory**	5.1	3.6	1–12	2.5	2.6	0–13

Note: FSIQ, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading Full Scale Intellectual Quotient.

^*P ≤ 0.05;

^**P ≤ 0.01;

^***P ≤ 0.001.