Table 3.

Estimated Mean Daily Micronutrient Intake from Diet Alone and Diet Plus Nutritional Supplements with Comparisons to the Recommended Levels among Healthy, Free-Living Senior Volunteers (n = 1740)

Micronutrient (unit)	Dietary Intake Alone		Diet Plus Supplements
	Mean ± SEM	<100% EAR/AI	Mean ± SEM	<100% EAR/AI
Vitamin Aa (RE)
Males
51−59 yr	1459.9 ± 24.3	8.9b	3931.3 ± 126.0	4.9
71−85 yr	1505.2 ± 47.2	5.3b	4076.1 ± 279.0	4.1
Females
51−70 yr	1237.1 ± 31.6	7.1b	4240.8 ± 220.7	4.7
71−85 yr	1238.4 ± 72.5	6.7b	4378.0 ± 497.5	3.4
Vitamin D (μg)
Males
51−70 yr	5.9 ± 0.12	88.5†	10.2 ± 0.34*	56.7†
71−85 yr	5.9 ± 0.26	96.6	10.4 ± 0.54	81.2
Females
51−70 yr	5.4 ± 0.22	90.2†	11.4 ± 0.54*	52.1†
71−85 yr	5.0 ± 0.42	97.8	10.3 ± 0.71	85.4
Vitamin E (TE)
Males
51−70 yr	10.0 ± 0.14	72.6	120.7 ± 8.08	35.9
71−85 yr	10.1 ± 0.37	75.9	92.3 ± 11.36	38.4
Females
51−70 yr	8.3 ± 0.19	85.6	137.2 ± 12.71	36.4
71−85 yr	8.5 ± 0.40	79.8	128.4 ± 26.70	31.5
Vitamin K (μg)c
Males
51−70 yr	134.2 ± 2.48	9.0b‡	134.2 ± 2.48	9.0‡
71−85 yr	132.3 ± 4.61	7.9b	132.3 ± 4.61	7.9
Females
51−70 yr	141.9 ± 3.78	3.2b	141.9 ± 3.78	3.2
71−85 yr	158.1 ± 11.25	4.5b	158.1 ± 11.25	4.5
Thiamin (mg)
Males
51−70 yr	1.3 ± 0.02	20.5‡	5.8 ± 0.95	11.6‡
71−85 yr	1.3 ± 0.03	24.4	4.2 ± 0.57	15.4
Females
51−70 yr	1.1 ± 0.02	48.9	5.8 ± 0.79	22.7
71−85 yr	1.1 ± 0.04	40.5	7.9 ± 2.51	19.1
Riboflavin (mg)
Males
51−70 yr	2.0 ± 0.03	11.8	4.7 ± 0.30	5.4
71−85 yr	1.9 ± 0.05	13.2	4.4 ± 0.41	7.9
Females
51−70 yr	1.7 ± 0.04	15.4	6.1 ± 0.41	6.9
71−85 yr	1.7 ± 0.09	12.4	6.0 ± 1.07	7.9
Niacin (mgNE)
Males
51−70 yr	20.2 ± 0.24*	11.4‡	35.7 ± 1.84	6.1‡
71−85 yr	18.9 ± 0.44	15.0	33.4 ± 1.58	9.4
Females
51−70 yr	15.7 ± 0.32	22.3	33.6 ± 1.50	9.8
71−85 yr	15.1 ± 0.59	23.6	37.1 ± 3.59	10.1
Folate (μg)
Males
51−70 yr	329.4 ± 4.66	54.5‡	504.7 ± 9.02	31.9
71−85 yr	333.0 ± 9.98	54.9	524.7 ± 22.3	33.5
Females
51−70 yr	282.1 ± 6.9	71.9	504.3 ± 14.93	33.0
71−85 yr	284.3 ± 12.9	70.8	507.5 ± 29.27	32.6
Vitamin B6 (mg)
Males
51−70 yr	2.0 ± 0.02	56.5	5.2 ± 0.35	12.2
71−85 yr	2.1 ± 0.06	55.3	9.0 ± 3.86	14.3
Females
51−70 yr	1.9 ± 0.04	38.1	7.5 ± 1.06	12.2
71−85 yr	1.9 ± 0.08	37.1	6.4 ± 1.08	12.4
Vitamin B12 (μg)
Males
51−70 yr	5.9 ± 0.12	5.8	15.1 ± 1.66	4.6
71−85 yr	5.7 ± 0.27	6.0	12.0 ± 0.94	5.6
Females
51−70 yr	5.5 ± 0.19	8.8	21.2 ± 2.97	5.6
71−85 yr	5.1 ± 0.51	14.6	24.8 ± 6.85	9.0
Vitamin C (mg)
Males
51−70 yr	155.3 ± 3.28	15.0	424.1 ± 21.31	8.2
71−85 yr	159.2 ± 4.71	12.0	356.4 ± 33.00	5.6
Females
51−70 yr	155.2 ± 5.66	8.1	487.5 ± 31.76	3.2
71−85 yr	162.6 ± 11.12	10.1	444.6 ± 44.68	1.1

^aThe total Vitamin A estimate takes into account both preformed retinol and assumed additional retinol formed in the metabolism of alpha-, beta-carotene, and cryptoxanthin.

^bRecommended levels are ⅔ of the RDA level for adults over 50 years of age for micronutrients for which no DRI has been set.

^cVitamin K is not typically included in multivitamin and/or mineral supplements, nor did any of the participants report taking supplements enriched with phylloquinones or menaquinones.

^*means across age groups within gender differ significantly, p < 0.05.

^†percentage not meeting goal amount (100% EAR/AI or ⅔/RDA) differ significantly across age groups within gender, p < 0.05.

^‡percentage not meeting goal amount (100% EAR/AI or ⅔ RDA) differ significantly by gender, p < 0.05.