Table 3.

TLRs and their endogenous ligands

TLRs	Endogenous Ligands	Cells	End Points	References
TLR2	Hsp-60	Fibroblasts	P38, JNK1/2, ERK1/2, IKK	150
	Hsp-70	HEK293	NF-κB	6
		Fibroblasts	NF-κB	151
	Hyaluronan	Macrophages	MIP-2, TNF, KC	68
TLR4	Hsp-22	Macrophages	IL-6	127
	Hsp-60	Fibroblasts	P38, JNK1/2, ERK1/2, IKK	150
		Macrophages	TNF, NO	113
	Hsp-70	HEK293	NF-κB	6
		Fibroblasts	NF-κB	151
		Macrophage	TNF	31
	Fibronectin (extra domain A)	HEK293	NF-κB	114
	Fibrinogen	Macrophages	MCP-1	137
	Hyaluronic acid (oligosaccharides)	Dendritic cells	TNF, pMAPK	146
			NF-κB
	Heparan sulfate (polysaccharide)	Dendritic cells	DC maturation	70
	Hyaluronan	Macrophages	MIP-2, TNF, KC	68
	Lung surfactant protein A	Macrophages	NF-κB activity	46
		Ovary cells	TNF, IL-10

Hsp, heat shock protein; KC, keratinocyte chemoattractant; NO, nitric oxide; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; pMAPK, phosphorylated MAPK; DC, dendritic cell; MIP-2, macrophage inflammatory protein-2.