Table 1. Differentially expressed cell function- and immune response-associated genes in skeletal muscle tissue of geriatric vs. young adult dogs fed diets formulated with animal-based (APB) or plant-based (PPB) protein sources.
| Functional classification | Gene name | Gene symbol | Fold change | |
| APB | PPB | |||
| Cell cycle and apoptosis | ||||
| Apoptosis | TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3 | TIMP3 | 1.36 | 1.90* |
| Apoptosis | Diablo homolog (drosophila) | DIABLO | −1.25 | −2.18* |
| Cell adhesion | Endoglin (osler-rendu-weber syndrome 1) | ENG | −2.85* | −3.61* |
| Cell aging | LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domains 1 | LIMS1 | 1.31 | 3.13* |
| Cell cycle | Stromal interaction molecule 1 | STIM1 | −1.60* | −1.95* |
| Cell cycle | Transforming growth factor, beta 1 | TGFB1 | −1.54 | −2.12* |
| Cell cycle (inhibition) | Retinoblastoma-like 2 (p130) | RBL2 | 1.61 | 3.45* |
| Cell proliferation | RAS homolog gene family, member g (rho g) | RHOG | −1.04 | −1.65* |
| Cell survival | Hcls1 associated protein x-1 | HAX1 | −1.56* | −1.80* |
| Differentiation | Endothelial pas domain protein 1 | EPAS1 | −1.69* | −2.10* |
| Meiotic recombination | Kelch domain containing 3 | KLHDC3 | −1.57* | −1.77* |
| Proliferation | Calpain, small subunit 1 | CAPNS1 | −1.36* | −1.41* |
| Cellular organization and development | ||||
| Actin cytoskeleton organization and development | Phosphodiesterase 4 d interacting protein (myomegalin) | PDE4DIP | 1.30 | 1.90* |
| Cytokinesis | Myosin-10 (cellular myosin heavy chain, type b) | MYH10 | 3.19 | 6.22* |
| Cytokinesis | Septin 11 | SEPT11 | 2.52* | 3.79* |
| Cytoskeletal organization | Actin binding lim protein 1 | ABLIM1 | 2.23 | 3.17* |
| Development | MYBPC1 myosin binding protein C, slow type | MYBPC1 | 1.82 | 4.14* |
| Development | Nebulin | NEB | 1.86 | 3.16* |
| Development | Titin | TTN | 1.96 | 8.95* |
| Development | Myocyte enhancer factor 2C | MEF2C | 1.38 | 4.90* |
| Development | Integrin beta 1 binding protein (melusin) 2 | ITGB1BP2 | −2.02 | −2.28* |
| Development | Actin, gamma 2, smooth muscle, enteric | ACTG2 | −2.72 | −6.73* |
| Structure | DMN desmuslin | DMN | 2.13 | 8.41* |
| Immune and stress response | ||||
| Anti tumor | Dermatan sulfate epimerase | DSE | 4.81* | 4.49* |
| Humoral immune response | Adenosine deaminase | ADA | −2.21* | −2.58* |
| Immune response | Gamma-interferon inducible lysosomal thiol reductase precursor | IFI30/GILT | −4.70* | −5.30* |
| Oxidative stress response | Peroxiredoxin 5 | PRDX5 | −1.90* | −1.90* |
*
Denotes statistically significant differences.