. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Feb 10.

Published in final edited form as: J Health Soc Behav. 2006 Sep;47(3):227–241. doi: 10.1177/002214650604700303

TABLE 2.

Adjusted Hazard Ratios from Proportional Hazards Models of All-Cause Mortality by Gender from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I: Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study

	Model 1			Model 2
Independent Variables	Total (n = 6,459)	Women (n = 3,465)	Men (n = 2,994)	Total (n = 6,459)	Women (n = 3,465)	Men (n = 2,994)
Psychological distress	.96^***^a	.95^***	.97^***	.90^*	.91^*	.85^**^b
Psychological distress²	—	—	—	1.00	1.00	1.01^*^b
Black	1.00	.97	1.06	.99	.96	1.04
Female	.58^***	—	—	.58^***	—	—
Age	1.09^***	1.10^***	1.09^***	1.09^***	1.10^***	1.09^***
Education	.95	.96	.94^*	.95	.96	.94^*
Income	.98^*	1.00	.97	.98^*	1.00	.98
Rural	1.52^*	1.47	1.66^***	1.52^*	1.48	1.68^***
Widowed	1.19	1.21	.94	1.19	1.21	.94
Separated	1.97^***	2.40^***	2.09^***	1.98^***	2.39^***	2.09^***
Divorced	1.22	1.15	1.30	1.21	1.14	1.31
Never married	1.45^***	1.40^*	1.49	1.45^**	1.40^*	1.48
Self-rated health	.89^***	.87^*	.89^***	.89^***	.87^**	.88^***
Medicaid	1.12	1.48^*	.95^b	1.11	1.48^***	.93^b
Private insurance	.77^**	.85^*	.71^***	.77^***	.85^*	.70^***
Smoker	1.76^***	1.84^***	1.73^***	1.76^***	1.84^***	1.73^***
Obese	1.15^**	1.08	1.30^*	1.15^**	1.08	1.31^*
Regular exercise	.70^***	.74^***	.64^***^b	.70^**	.75	.66^***
Heavy drinking	1.27^**	1.01	1.34^***	1.27^**	1.01	1.34^***
Heart problems	1.48^***	1.28	1.77^***	1.48^***	1.28	1.76^***
Diabetes	1.53^***	1.61^*	1.57^***	1.54^***	1.62^*	1.59^***
Cancer	1.61^***	1.45^*	2.02^***	1.64^***	1.47^*	2.06^***
Hypertension	1.26^***	1.31^***	1.19^**	1.27^***	1.31^***	1.21^**
Chronic illness	.87^**	.85^***	.88	.87^**	.85^**	.89
df	22	21	21	23	22	22
Wald chi-square	6293.73	3710.13	4054.29	6471.64	3693.69	4169.36

p = .05

^**

p = .01

^***

p = .001

Hazard ratio.

Coefficients for men and women are significantly different in parallel models (p = .05).