TABLE 3.

Adjusted Hazard Ratios from Proportional Hazards Models of Cause-Specific Mortality by Gender from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I: Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study

	Ischemic Heart Disease			Cancer			Stroke
	Total (n = 5,150)	Women (n = 2,906)	Men (n = 2,244)	Total (n = 5,096)	Women (n = 2,905)	Men (n = 2,191)	Total (n = 4,761)
Psychological distress	.88**a	.97	.77***b	.80*	.70**	.87b	.88
Psychological distress2	1.01*	1.00	1.01**b	1.01	1.01**	1.00b	1.01
Black	.43***	.48**	.42**	1.05	.93	1.23	1.81**
Female	.38***	—	—	.61***	—	—	.64**
Age	1.12***	1.14***	1.11***b	1.10***	1.09***	1.12***	1.17***
Education	.91**	.94	.92*	.92**	.96	.92*	.97
Income	1.00	1.00	1.00	.97	.98	.96	.97
Rural	1.88	1.61	1.86*b	1.32	1.48	1.29***	—c
Widowed	1.32	1.44	.67	.89	1.01	.68	1.20
Separated	1.51	1.73	1.24	3.73***	5.03***	2.70**	1.47
Divorced	1.39	2.29*	.93b	1.06	1.09	.95	1.03
Never married	1.23	.94	1.34	.85	.61	1.08	2.07
Self-rated health	.82***	.81*	.79***	.90	.84	.99	.92
Medicaid	1.50*	1.90*	1.21	.79	1.35	.71	.54
Private insurance	.67***	.73*	.58***	.95	1.32	.79	.81
Smoker	1.84***	2.40***	1.69*	2.07***	1.63***	2.40***b	1.71**
Obese	1.34*	1.23	1.70***	1.20	1.47*	1.08b	.59*
Regular exercise	.53***	.52**	.56***	.83	1.49	.51***b	.76
Heavy drinking	1.10	.76	1.18	1.16	.89	1.38*	1.07
Heart problems	2.08***	1.86	2.61***	1.26	.98	1.83**	2.26***
Diabetes	1.66***	2.16***	1.49***	1.01	.89	1.19	2.03*
Cancer	1.26	.98	1.48	3.27***	2.85***	4.28***b	3.12*
Hypertension	1.63***	1.58*	1.54***	.96	1.11	.83	1.31**
Chronic illness	.86*	.90	.81	.83*	.86	.88	.60**
df	23	22	22	23	22	22	22
Wald chi-square	6307.75	2659.61	4720.63	2287.02	1191.70	1878.64	12834.70

^*p = .05

^**p = .01

^***p = .001

^aHazard ratio.

^bCoefficients for men and women are significantly different in parallel models (p = .05).

^cZero restriction; insufficient number of cases to reliably estimate parameter.