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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Spine J. 2007 Nov 5;9(1):77–86. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2007.07.391

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Figure 1

(Left) Schematic of the experimental setup for determining cat and human lumbar spine specimen torque-limit during extension and lateral bending (Left) and axial rotations (Right; cat shown). Vertebral kinematics were measured by optically tracking, with two CCD cameras, the 3D displacements of markers attached to transverse processes.