Table II.

Self-report Stress Measures

Scale description					Reliability and validity		Treatment implications	Scale criteria
Authors and measure	Informant/population	Stressor/context	No. of items; Subscales	Scales/factors	Internal consistency/test–retest	Convergent/predictive	Sensitive to treatment outcome? Leads to treatment implications?	Stress and coping criteria
Children's Hassles Scale (CHS) and Children's Uplifts Scale (CUS) Kanner et al., 1987	Self-report 8–17 years Healthy children; limb deficiencies; rheumatic disease	Asesses hassles/ uplifts that may have occurred in the past month	25 hassles; 25 uplifts	Factors derived from factor analysis by Santa Lucia, Gesten, Rendina-Gobioff, Epstein, Kaufmann, & Salcedo (2000) were peer comparison, parent, school, and family (α =.62–.73) for the CHS, and parent, peer comparison, school, and sibling (α =.54–.73) for the CUS	α =.85 and above Test–retest not reported	Convergent: Not reported Predictive: More frequent hassles correlated with emotional distress and interpersonal problems; peer and family hassles predict school adjustment beyond school hassles. More frequent uplifts correlated with emotional well-being and social adjustment.	Sensitive: No study found. Implications: No study currently demonstrates this.	Well-established assessment that broadens understand-ing
Coddington Life Events Scales (CLES) Coddington, 1972	Parent report 5 years and under (CLES-P) Parent report or interviewer given 6–11 years (CLES-C) Parent or self-report 12–19 years (CLES-A) Failure to thrive; depression; type I diabetes; eating disorder; abdominal pain; runaways	Assesses the life events a child has experienced in the past year	CLES-P: 30 items; CLES-C: 36 items; CLES-A: 50 items.	No specific scales/factors. Respondents indicated the number of times a stressor occurred and how long ago (e.g., 0–3 months, 4–6 months)	Internal Consistency not reported Test–retest for CLES-A (r =.69) 3 month	Convergent: Youth in runaway shelters reported several stressful life events. Predictive: Depressed adolescents and children report more stressful life events than nondepressed controls. More Life events were found to relate to poorer health status in adolescents with type I diabetes.	Sensitive: No study found. Implications: Sandberg and colleagues (2001) found that parent-report was unable to predict onset of psychiatric disorder in teens. CLES-P was able to correctly identify 32 of 46 failure-to-thrive infants from matched controls.	Approaching Well-established
Questionnaire on Resources and Stress (QRS) Holyroyd, 1974	Self-report for any family member with 6th grade reading level Self-report short form (QRS-SF) Developmental disabilities, psychiatric problems, renal disease, leukemia cystic fibrosis, and neuromuscular disease	Assesses level of stress in a family member of an individual with a physical disability, medical illness, or mental disorder	QRS: 285 items; 3 general response categories, 15 scales QRS-SF: 66 items	Three general response categories: Personal Problems, Family Problems, and Problems of Index Case a15 scales: Personal Problems: PH/M, ETD, NAIC, O/D, LSS, O/M, P; Family Problems: LFI, LFO, FP; Problems of Index Case: PI, LAIC, OLIC, SO, DPC Supported by factor analysis	QRS: κ =.96 for total;.24–.88 for scales QRS-SF: κ =.79 to.85 for total;.31–.85 for scales Test–retest not reported	Convergent: Mothers of children with autism rated from interview as experiencing “high stress” scored higher on scales 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10 than mothers determined to be under “low stress” (Holyroyd, Brown, Wilker, & Simmons III, 1975) Predictive: QRS-SF showed that perceived social support and sibling independence related to stress in adults with a sibling with an intellectual disability (Egan & Walsh, 2001). Caregivers of sons with hemophilia and HIV report physical and adaptive limitations and more pessimism regarding parenting and their child's future than parents with sons who were hemophiliac, but not HIV + (Bordeaux et al., 2003). Mothers of children with different developmental disabilities (e.g., Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, autism, etc.) were shown to shown to have disability specific elevations of QRS subscales (Pisula, 1998).	Sensitive: In one study, no significant changes were found after intervention (Carnevale, Anselmi, Busichio, & Mills, 2002). Implications:No study currently demonstrates this.	Approaching Well-established

^aPH/M, Poor health/mood; ETD, excess time demands; NAIC, negative attitude towards index case; O/D, overprotection/dependency; LSS, lack of social support; O/M, overcommittment/martyrdom; P, pessimism; LFI, lack of family integration; LFO, limits on family opportunity; FP, finacial problems. PI, physical incapacitation; LAIC, lack of activities for index case; OLIC, occupational limits for index case; SO, social obstrusiveness; DPC, difficult personality characteristics.