Table 1.

Human atrial cellular electrophysiological changes associated with AF, ventricular dysfunction, and drug therapy

Human atrial cell electrophysiological measurement	Chronic AF	Post-CS AF	CHF, LVSD, and/or atrial dilation	Chronic β1-blocker therapy
ERP	↓2	↔22	NDA	↑3,22,31
APD90	↓2,5–7	↔22	↑23,24 ↔25,26	↑22,31
APD50	↔2,6 ↑7	↔22	↔23,24 ↓26	↔3,31
AP Vmax	↔2	↔22	NDA	↔31
IK1	↑2,5,6,8–12	↔9,22	↓23 ↔⁎27	↓32
IKACh	↑5 ↓6,9,10,12	↔9	↓23	NDA
CA IKACh	↑10,12	NDA	NDA	NDA
Ip	↔13	NDA	NDA	NDA
IKATP	↓14 ↑15	NDA	↔24	NDA
INa	↔5	NDA	NDA	NDA
ITO	↓2,5,8,16,17	↔22	↑26 ↓⁎27,28	↓31,32
IKur (ISUS)	↓8,16 ↔2,5,17	↔22	↔25,26 ↔⁎28 ↓⁎27	↔31,32
ICaL	↓2,5,7,11,18–21	↑18 ↔22	↓29 ↔25,30 ↓⁎27	↔3,7,22,31,33
ICaL %↑ by β stimulation	↑18–21	↔22	↓29,30	↔3,22
ICaL %↑ by 5-HT	↓7	NDA	↓29	↑7,33
INa/Ca, INa/H, IKr, IKs, ICl(swell), ICaB, If	NDA	NDA	NDA	NDA

Arrows show direction of change relative to “controls.”

^⁎= atrial dilation only; NDA = no data available. See text for definitions.