Figure 3. The enzymatic defence against glycation.
(a) Metabolism of glyoxal and MG by the glyoxalase system. (b) Metabolism of 3DG by 3-deoxyglucosone reductase, an AKRd. (c) Metabolism of 3DG by 3-deoxyglucosone dehydrogenase. (d, e) Repair of early glycated proteins by Amadoriase and fructosamine-3-phosphokinase.