TABLE 2.
Parameter Estimates for Hospitalizations per Year and Length of Stay over 20 Years
| Stays Per Yeara |
Average Length of Stayb |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
| BMI category Wave 1 | ||||||
| Underweight W1 | .006c (.033)d |
.001 (.033) |
.001 (.034) |
−.075 (.089) |
−.071 (.090) |
−.070 (.090) |
| Overweight W1 | .017 (.011) |
.009 (.010) |
.010 (.009) |
.060 (.037) |
.053 (.038) |
.051 (.037) |
| Obese W1 | .048** (.016) |
.030 (.017) |
.029 (.016) |
.169*** (.045) |
.156*** (.047) |
.147** (.051) |
| Status characteristics | ||||||
| Age | .007*** (.001) |
.006*** (.001) |
.006*** (.001) |
.014*** (.002) |
.014*** (.002) |
.014*** (.002) |
| Black | −.059*** (.018) |
−.070*** (.018) |
−.071*** (.018) |
.112 (.089) |
.102 (.084) |
.100 (.084) |
| Female | −.045*** (.011) |
−.045*** (.010) |
−.043*** (.010) |
−.024 (.028) |
−.028 (.027) |
−.026 (.027) |
| Education | −.003 (.004) |
−.001 (.004) |
−.001 (.004) |
−.007 (.017) |
−.007 (.015) |
−.006 (.014) |
| Income | −.006*** (.002) |
−.005** (.002) |
−.005** (.002) |
−.025 (.011) |
−.025* (.011) |
−.025* (.011) |
| Lives alone | −.023 (.021) |
−.021 (.018) |
−.022 (.018) |
.071 (.111) |
.072 (.113) |
.068 (.115) |
| Health care resources | ||||||
| Medicaid | −.041 (.038) |
−.047 (.038) |
−.047 (.038) |
−.038 (.122) |
−.040 (.123) |
−.040 (.123) |
| Private insurance | −.001 (.013) |
.005 (.011) |
.004 (.012) |
−.070 (.082) |
−.069 (.081) |
.071 (.081) |
| Regular physician | .058*** (.015) |
.047*** (.015) |
.051*** (.014) |
−.258* (.106) |
−.268** (.103) |
−.268** (.103) |
| Lifestyle | ||||||
| Heavy drinker | −.012 (.018) |
−.006 (.018) |
−.006 (.017) |
.121* (.061) |
.124 (.064) |
.127 (.066) |
| Smoker | .037*** (.011) |
.038** (.012) |
.039*** (.012) |
.080 (.045) |
.080 (.048) |
.079 (.049) |
| Sedentary lifestyle | .088*** (.015) |
.080*** (.016) |
.080*** (.016) |
.265* (.115) |
.258* (.117) |
.254 (.115) |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Rural | .034** (.012) |
.035** (.012) |
.035** (.013) |
−.184*** (.033) |
−.189*** (.033) |
−.187*** (.032) |
| South | .039** (.014) |
.036* (.015) |
.037** (.014) |
−.256*** (.050) |
−.258*** (.050) |
−.258*** (.050) |
| West | −.038** (.014) |
−.035** (.014) |
−.034* (.014) |
−.305*** −.070 | −.307*** (.071) |
−.305*** (.071) |
| Midwest | .025*** (.007) |
.024** (.008) |
.024** (.008) |
−.134* (.055) |
−.136* (.055) |
−.135* (.055) |
| Morbidity | ||||||
| Diabetes | .149*** (.022) |
.149*** (.022) |
.040 (.047) |
.039 (.047) |
||
| Heart disease | .095*** (.018) |
.095*** (.018) |
.006 (.117) |
.008 (.118) |
||
| Hypertension | .037*** (.009) |
.036*** (.009) |
.063 (.059) |
.060 (.060) |
||
| Early obesity | ||||||
| Obese age 25 | .021 (.028) |
.074 (.089) |
||||
| Hospitalization history | ||||||
| Five or more stays | .260*** (.059) |
.254*** (.065) |
.254*** (.065) |
|||
| Constant | −.324*** (.075) |
−.295*** (.065) |
−.305*** (.066) |
2.016*** (.356) |
2.034*** (.355) |
2.030 (.356) |
| Wald chi-square (df) | 1405.85 (19) | 1857.82 (22) | 1897.50 (23) | 2024.35 (20) | 2748.44 (23) | 3091.39 (24) |
| N | 4,398 | 4,398 | 4,398 | 3,139 | 3,139 | 3,139 |
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001 (two-tailed tests)
Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I, Epidemiological Follow-Up Study.
Note: Normal weight and Northeast region are reference groups.
a
Models for Stays per Year estimated with interval regression.
b
Models for Average Length of Stay estimated with negative binomial regression.
c
Unstandardized coefficients.
d
Standard errors.