TABLE 3.
Parameter Estimates for Hospitalizations per Year and Length of Stay over 20 Years among Individuals Who Were Ever Obese
| Independent Variables | Average Length of Stay | Length of Stay, 1 | Length of Stay, 2 | Length of Stay, 3 | Length of Stay, 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obesity duration (age adjusted, ln) | 5.301*a (.211)b |
5.594* (2.248) |
3.808 (3.427) |
4.399* (2.131) |
5.296** (1.995) |
| Status characteristics | |||||
| Age | .292*** (.062) |
.018*** (.005) |
.010 (.007) |
.012 (.008) |
.003 (.009) |
| Black | .074 (.095) |
.071 (.094) |
.077 (.129) |
.259* (.130) |
.377 (.197) |
| Female | −.008 (.102) |
.106 (.137) |
−.199* (.099) |
.047 (.092) |
−.222* (.103) |
| Education | −.006 (.019) |
−.069 (.038) |
.052* (.026) |
.051* (.025) |
.028 (.035) |
| Income | −.011 (.014) |
.013 (.256) |
−.032 (.018) |
−.025 (.013) |
−.012 (.021) |
| Live alone | .186 (.142) |
.405** (.133) |
−.170 (.125) |
−.184 (.147) |
.123 (.089) |
| Health care resources | |||||
| Medicaid | −.144 (.203) |
−.299 (.167) |
.134 (.239) |
.081 (.211) |
−.027 (.122) |
| Private insurance | −.058 (.109) |
−.049 (.121) |
−.106 (.108) |
−.236 (.213) |
.249* (.127) |
| Regular physician | −.409* (.195) |
−.365 (.266) |
−.235 (.180) |
−.129 (.277) |
.235 (.238) |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Heavy drinker | .204 (.125) |
.125 (.163) |
.407 (.252) |
−.076 (.180) |
−.152 (.158) |
| Smoker | .074 (.066) |
.175* (.088) |
.058 (.125) |
−.020 (.089) |
−.103 (.113) |
| Sedentary lifestyle | .355 (.208) |
.263 (.214) |
.280 (.162) |
.168 (.103) |
.183 (.122) |
| Place of residence | |||||
| Rural | −.201*** (.040) |
−.105 (.054) |
−.041 (.056) |
−.096 (.065) |
−.312 (.193) |
| South | −.242 (.131) |
−.230 (.160) |
.052 (.139) |
.078 (.089) |
.002 (.114) |
| West | −.219 (.132) |
−.192 (.167) |
−.145 (.140) |
−.024 (.082) |
.166 (.210) |
| Midwest | −.067 (.156) |
−.060 (.145) |
−.053 (.153) |
−.081 (.150) |
−.117 (.114) |
| Morbidity | |||||
| Diabetes | −.033 (.071) |
.044 (.087) |
−.172* (.072) |
.076 (.118) |
.083 (.095) |
| Heart disease | −.190* (.091) |
−.168 (.112) |
−.224 (.130) |
−.146 (.096) |
.150 (.087) |
| Hypertension | .122* (.062) |
.240** (.087) |
−.108 (.128) |
−.045 (.068) |
−.002 (.113) |
| Hospitalization history | |||||
| Length of previous stay | .015** (.005) |
.010 (.007) |
.012* (.005) |
||
| Less than six months from previous stay | .209 (.110) |
.222*** (.062) |
.477** (.157) |
||
| Five or more stays | .292*** (.062) |
||||
| Constant | 1.819*** (.369) |
1.395*** (.379) |
1.885*** (.461) |
1.595* (.660) |
1.375* (.619) |
| Wald chi-square (df) | 1162.15 (21) | 1942.36 (20) | 407.14 (22) | 373.48 (22) | 302.02 (22) |
| N | 709 | 709 | 545 | 430 | 321 |
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001 (two-tailed tests)
Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I, Epidemiological Follow-Up Study.
Note: Models estimated with negative binomial regression. Northeast region is reference group.
a
Unstandardized coefficients.
b
Standard errors.