TABLE 1.
Multivariable Adjusted Odds Ratios (AORs) of Individual- and Community-Level Factors for Cigarette Smoking: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Massachusetts, 1999–2005
| Risk Factor | AOR (95% CI) |
| Change over any 5-y perioda | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) |
| Gender | |
| Women (Ref) | 1.00 |
| Men | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) |
| Age at time of interview | |
| 18–44 y | 3.96 (3.64, 4.32) |
| 45–65 y | 3.03 (2.79, 3.29) |
| ≥ 65 y (Ref) | 1.00 |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | 1.00 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.62 (0.56, 0.69) |
| Hispanic | 0.42 (0.39, 0.46) |
| Other | 0.70 (0.62, 0.79) |
| Marital status | |
| Married and living together (Ref) | 1.00 |
| Divorced | 1.97 (1.84, 2.10) |
| Widowed | 1.24 (1.12, 1.37) |
| Separated | 1.78 (1.59, 1.99) |
| Never married | 1.45 (1.37, 1.54) |
| Education | |
| College degree (Ref) | 1.00 |
| Some college | 2.03 (1.91, 2.16) |
| High school diploma | 2.64 (2.48, 2.80) |
| Less than high school | 3.27 (3.01, 3.56) |
| Employment status | |
| Employed or not in labor force (Ref) | 1.00 |
| Unemployed | 1.54 (1.41, 1.67) |
| Household income, $ | |
| < 15 000 | 1.80 (1.66, 1.96) |
| 15 000–24 999 | 1.50 (1.39, 1.61) |
| 25 000–34 999 | 1.50 (1.39, 1.62) |
| 35 000–49 999 | 1.38 (1.29, 1.48) |
| 50 000–75 000 | 1.13 (1.05, 1.21) |
| > 75 000 (Ref) | 1.00 |
| Average per capita income, $ | |
| < 25 000 | 1.66 (1.29, 2.13) |
| 25 000–34 999 | 1.52 (1.19, 1.94) |
| 35 000–50 000 | 1.21 (0.94, 1.56) |
| > 50 000 (Ref) | 1.00 |
| % of blue-collar job workers | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) |
| Racial diversityb (range = 0–1) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.05) |
| % of Population living in urban area | |
| < 25 (Ref) | 1.00 |
| 25–89 | 1.19 (1.10, 1.29) |
| ≥ 90 | 1.32 (1.12, 1.55) |
| Housing units vacant | |
| < 5% (Ref) | 1.00 |
| ≥ 5% | 1.10 (1.03, 1.18) |
| Substance abuse hospitalization rate increasing by 1 per 1000 adults | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) |
| Tobacco retailer density increase of 1 additional retailer per 10 miles of road | 1.13 (1.00, 1.27) |
Note. CI = confidence interval.
a
Interview years were 1999 to 2005.
b
A value of 0 indicates a single-race community (e.g., 100% non-Hispanic White or 100% non-Hispanic Black). A value of 1 indicates that equal proportions of 2 or more races are present (e.g., 25% non-Hispanic White, 25% non-Hispanic Black, 25% Hispanic, and 25% other).