Table 17.
Micronutrient support of the hypermetabolic state: energy production
| Vitamin B complex | Daily dose | |
| Thiamine | Oxidation reduction reactions | 10–100 mg |
| Riboflavin | Oxidative phosphorylation for adenosine triphosphate production | 10 mg |
| Niacin | Electron transfer reactions for energy production | 150 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | Transamination for glucose production and breakdown | 10–15 mg |
| Folate | One carbon transfer reaction required for all macronutrient metabolism | 0.4–1 mg |
| Vitamin B12 | Coenzyme A reactions for all nutrient use | 50 μg |
| Vitamin C | Carnitine production for fatty acid metabolism | 500 mg to 2 g |
| Minerals | ||
| Selenium | Cofactor for fat metabolism | 100–150 μg |
| Copper | Cofactor for cytochrome oxidase for energy production | 1–2 mg |
| Zinc | Cofactor for DNA, RNA, and polymerase for protein synthesis | 4–10 μg |
| Amino acids | ||
| Glutamine | Nitrogen shuttle for glucose amino acid breakdown, urea production, direct source of cell energy | 10–20 g |