Table 3. Nucleotide diversity (π×10⁻³), number of polymorphic sites (S), recombination parameter between adjacent position (R = 4Nr)×10⁻³, and ratio of nucleotide diversity in nonsynonymous/synonymous sites (ω = K_a/K_s) in coding regions in each population.

Popa	SP14D1				GNBP				gambicin				Defensin				Mean c
	N	π/S	R	ωb	N	π/S	R	ω	n	π/S	R	ω	N	π/S	R	ω	ω
W. Kenya	12	20, 38	30	0.097	11	15, 46	79	0.22	10	12, 5	67	0.4	10	28, 10	21	0.25	0.24
E. Kenya	11	7, 18	42	0.16	11	11, 31	20	0.16	9	10, 2	81	u	11	27, 11	17	0.14	0.15
Nigeria	13	19, 40	8	0.18	10	14, 43	346	0.17	14	12, 6	994	0.31	12	26, 18	292	0.22	0.22
Senegal	10	15, 32	4	0.091	10	12, 40	84	0.17	10	15, 6	32	0.19	9	20, 13	37	0.12	0.14
gambiae	43	20, 91	10	0.12***	42	14, 119	148	0.17***	43	12, 13	87	0.40	42	27, 27	104	0.19**	0.22a b
arabiensi	11	16, 29	6	0.2**	13	7, 33	5	0.40	11	17, 7	62	0.40	13	15, 13	264	0.19*	0.30a
quadrian	14	9, 31	645	0.046***	11	9, 35	u	0.21**	10	15, 4	192	0.30	14	18, 6	1019	0.00*	0.14b
Pooled d	69	24, 135	20	0.12b	66	20, 168	131	0.26a b	64	15, 18	131	0.37a	69	31, 39	82	0.13b	0.22

^aPopulations of An. gambiae are referred by location and whereas, gambiae, arabiensi, and quadrian, represent An. gambiae (pooled), An. arabiensis and An. quadriannulatus, respectively.

^bTesting equality of nucleotide diversity of synonymous and nonsynonymous sites (ω = 1) in coding regions was performed by using bootstrapping (see Materials & Methods) only at the species level. ^{*, **, ***}represent P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.001 significance levels and u denotes undefined value.

^cAverage across genes for each population. Species values with different letter are statistically different from each other (P<0.05) as determined by Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple range test following two way ANOVA of Nonsynonymous/synonymous diversity ratio over gene and species (separate An. gambiae populations were excluded).

^dPooled across populations (and sepecies) for each gene. Values with different letter are statistically different from each other as described above (^c).