Table 2.

Intermittent hypoxia and posttranslational protein phosphorylation

No	Tissue/Cell	CIH pattern	Target Proteins	Type and response of PTM	Ref
1.	Aged rat cerebral cortex	12 h at 10%O2 + 12 h at 21%O2 for 8 days	I-κBα	Decreased phosphorylation	Rapino et al, 2005
2	Adult rat CA1 hippocampal region	90 s at 10%O2 + 90 s at 21%O2, per 12 h light cycle, for 14 days	CREB	Decreased phosphorylation (Ser-31)	Goldbart et al., 2003b; Gozal et al., 2003
		+ pretraining	CREB	Attenuation of CIH-induced decrease in CREB phosphorylation	Row et al., 2003
3.	Adult rat CA1 hippocampal region	90 s at 10%O2 + 90 s at 21%O2, per 12 h light cycle, for 14 days	Protein kinase B (Akt)	Decreased phosphorylation	Goldbart et al., 2003a
4.	Adult rat (fed) heart	3, 90 s apnea at 10 min intervals	Akt	Increased phosphorylation	Wu et al., 2007
5.	Adult rat heart	Intermittent high altitude hypoxia (6 h at 0.4 atm for 42 days)	Phospholam ban	Increased phosphorylation (Ser-16 via PKA)	Xie et al., 2005
6.	Adult rat heart	40 s at 10%O2 + 20 s at 21%O2 for 4 h	p38MAPK and Erk1/2	Increased phosphorylation after 24 h	Beguin et al., 2007
7.	Adult rat left ventricle	8h at 12%O2 per day for 4 weeks	p38MAPK	Increased phosphorylation	Chen et al., 2007
8.	Young and aged rat myocardium	12 h at 10%O2 + 12 h at 21%O2 for 8 days	p66	Increased Tyr-phosphorylation	Bianchi et al., 2006
9.	Rat small mesenteric artery	Eucapnic intermittent hypoxia (1 min at 5%O2 / 5%CO2, 2 min at 21%O2 /0%CO2, 20 cycles per h, 7 h per day for 14 days	PKC-delta	Increased response to ET- 1	Allahdadi et al., 2008
10.	Adult rat cerebral cortex and brainstem	90 s at 10%O2 + 90 s at 21%O2, per 12 h light cycle, for 7 days	TH	Increased phosphorylation (Ser-40)	Gozal et al., 2005
11.	Adult rat carotid body	90 s at 10%O2 + 90 s at 21%O2, per 12 h light cycle, for 1−30 days	TH	Increased phosphorylation (Ser-19, Ser-31 and Ser-40)	Hui et al., 2003
12.	PC12 cells	15 s at 1%O2 + 3 min at 21%O2 for 60 cycles	TH	Increased phosphorylation (Ser-40 via PKA and CaMK)	Kumar et al., 2003
13.	Adult mouse adrenal chromaffin cells	15 s at 5%O2 + 5 min at 21%O2; 8h per day for 4 days	PKC	Increased phosphorylation (Thr-514)	Kuri et al., 2007
14.	Endothelial cells	Intermittent hypoxia / reoxygenation	I-κBα	Increased phosphorylation	Ryan et al., 2007
15.	Endothelial cells	60 min at hypoxia + 30 min at normoxia for 4 cycles	HIF-1α	Increased phosphorylation (via PKA)	Toffoli et al., 2007
16.	PC12 cells	30 s at 1.5%O2 + 5 min at 20%O2 for 60 cycles	HIF-1α	PKC activation	Yuan et al., 2005, 2008