Table 1.
Complement subversion mechanisms developed by hematophagous parasites
| Parasite | Mechanism (molecule involved) | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trematodes | Schistosomes | Antigen turnover | [24] |
| Low immunogenicity of the membranocalyx | [24] | ||
| Binding to Fc domain of host immunoglobulins (Paramyosin) | [33] | ||
| Binding to C2 (CRIT) | [29] | ||
| Binding to C3 (C3bp) | [31] | ||
| Acquisition of host RCAs (DAF, Cryy) | [32, 34] | ||
| CD59/Protectin-like protein (SCIP-1) | [30] | ||
| Double membrane to resist to MAC lysis | [24] | ||
| Nematodes | Necator americanus | Binding to C1q (Calreticulin) | [67] |
| Haemonchus contortus | Binding to C1q (Calreticulin) | [66] | |
| Insects | Triatomines | ||
| Panstrongylus megistus, Triatoma brasiliensis and Rhodnius prolixus | Inhibition of the classical pathway | [77] | |
| Phlebotomines | |||
| Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia migonei | Inhibition of the classical pathway | [77] | |
| Lutzomyia longipalpis | Inhibition of the alternative pathway | [77] | |
| Arachnids | Ixodes scapularis | Prevent deposition of C3b (Isac) | [47] |
| Binding to properdin (Salp20) | [55] | ||
| Ixodes ricinus | Prevent deposition of C3b (IRACs and IxACs) | [53, 54] | |
| Binding to properdin (IRACs and IxACs) | [54] | ||
| Ornithodoros moubata | Binding to C5 (OmCI) | [43] |