. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008 Oct;139(4):495–505. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.624

Table 3.

Nasolaryngoscopy Examination Findings Expected for Definite Spasmodic Dysphonia

Task or Finding	Required for Spasmodic Dysphonia	Expected for Hyperfunctional Voice
Structure	Normal	May have erythema or nodules
Vocal fold asymmetry	Normal	Normal
Whistling	Normal adductor and abductor movement	Normal adductor and abductor movement
Prolonged Vowels	May have tremor or spasms in vocal folds	Consistent hyperfunctional posture
Adductor sentences	Adductor Type: Intermittent hyperadduction on vowels	Consistent hyperfunctional posture
Abductor sentences	Abductor Type: Intermittent abduction on voiceless consonants (/p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, /h/, /f/)	Consistent hyperfunctional posture