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Thrombin directly activates MMP-1 (A) and MMP-3 (B). HFL-1 fibroblasts cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels were stimulated with or without cytokines (5 ng/ml TNF-α and 5 ng/ml IL-1β). After 4 d, the conditioned media were exposed to thrombin (0 nM and 500 nM) for 24 h, the media were harvested, and immunoblotting was used to identify MMP-1 and MMP-3. Arrows indicate the latent and active form of MMP-1 or MMP-3. STD: MMP-1 or MMP-3 standard.
