Chronic effects: % change in maximal voluntary force (maximal voluntary contraction, MVC)of the right first dorsal interosseus (FDI) after 500 MVCs at 70–80% intensity over 10 sessions. Vol, voluntary training; Vol+Sham, voluntary training combined with sham transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at 1 Hz; Vol+rTMS, voluntary training combined with repetitive TMS (rTMS) at 1 Hz; rTMS_only, rTMS at 1 Hz only. Values are means ± SE. *rTMS_only and control significantly different from Vol, Vol+Sham, and Vol+rTMS, P < 0.05; †significantly different from all other groups, P < 0.05.