Rate–ITD responses to 1,000-pps SAM stimuli at three different modulation rates (three columns). Simulation results using low and moderate synaptic levels (Ge = 1.4 and 4 nS) were shown in the upper and lower panels, respectively. At the low synaptic level (A, B, and C), the average input rates for 50-, 100-, and 200-Hz modulations with zero fine-structure delay are in turn 553, 566, and 485 spikes/s (for the parameter case with solid lines) and 431, 403, and 399 spikes/s (for the parameter case with dashed lines). At the moderate synaptic level (D, E, and F), the corresponding input rates are 412, 404 and 381 spikes/s (solid lines) and 307, 307, and 287 spikes/s (dashed lines). Monaural responses as a function of fine-structure delays between 0 and 1 ms are shown as fine lines in the panels for the moderate synaptic levels; monaural responses are absent for the low synaptic level.