TABLE 5.

Association between Genotypes and Biomarkers of AA Exposure in Blood for Nonsmoker Subjects (n = 43)

Genotype	No. of subjects	Mean ratio of GA-Hb/AA-Hb ± SE	p Value	Mean AA-Hb (pmol/g globin) ± SE	p Value	Mean GA-Hb (pmol/g globin) ± SE	p Value
EPHX1 (His139Arg)
His/His	27	0.47 ± 0.03		44.00 ± 3.14		19.83 ± 1.67
His/Arg + Arg/Arg	16	0.64 ± 0.05	0.008*	33.34 ± 2.13	0.014**	21.40 ± 2.30	0.593
GSTM1
Positive	37	0.51 ± 0.03		38.50 ± 2.01		18.50 ± 1.10
Null	6	0.70 ± 0.09	0.042*	49.40 ± 10.20	0.344	32.22 ± 4.70	0.004***
GSTT1
Positive	20	0.46 ± 0.03		39.00 ± 3.00		16.41 ± 1.50
Null	23	0.62 ± 0.04	0.012*	41.20 ± 3.60	0.638	24.44 ± 2.03	0.002***
Joint genotype effects
GSTM1 and GSTT1
Ref	38	0.51 ± 0.03		38.80 ± 2.00		18.90 ± 1.13
GSTM1-null + GSTT1-null	5	0.71 ± 0.11	0.078	49.50 ± 12.50	0.543	32.20 ± 5.80	0.021***
CYP2E1 and GSTM1
Ref	37	0.51 ± 0.03		38.50 ± 2.00		18.50 ± 1.20
CYP2E1 (Val/Val) + GSTM1-null	6	0.70 ± 0.09	0.042*	49.40 ± 10.20	0.344	32.22 ± 4.70	0.004***
CYP2E1, GSTM1, and GSTT1
Ref	39	0.52 ± 0.03		38.52 ± 2.00		19.02 ± 1.11
CYP2E1 (Val/Val) + GSTM1-null + GSTT1-null	4	0.66 ± 0.14	0.244	54.50 ± 14.80	0.244	34.00 ± 7.10	0.031***
CYP2E1, GSTT1, and EPHX1
Ref.	39	0.51 ± 0.03		40.51 ± 2.45		19.63 ± 1.31
CYP2E1(Val/Val) + GSTT1-null + EPHX1 (Tyr/Tyr) + EPHX1 (His/Arg)	4	0.79 ± 0.11	0.021*	35.06 ± 2.90	0.614	28.10 ± 6.00	0.120

Note. *Significant association between individuals with the genotype or combination genotype and GA-Hb/AA-Hb adduct ratio levels, p < 0.05. **Significant association between individuals with the genotype or combination genotype and AA-Hb adduct concentration, p < 0.05. ***Significant association between individuals with the genotype or combination genotype and GA-Hb adduct concentration, p < 0.05. The presence of the combination of the other genotypes was taken as the reference (or wild-type) group. The numbers in italics indicate the p-value for each calculated association.