Table 5.
List of patients, BCI type and BCI performance from other BCI research groups. We performed a Medline search with the following keywords: Wolpaw, Pfurtscheller, Neuper, Sellers, Donchin, patients, brain-computer interface, and communication in various combinations. None of these patients were trained with different types of BCI. The search was restricted to non-invasive BCIs which used the EEG as input signal. Only reports of original data (no review papers) were included. Age and sex were not always reported individually and are thus not listed in the Table. It is important to note that here the SMR and P300 BCIs are not always of the same type as described above, classification methods and presentation design varied across BCI research groups and studies. This is why no analysis of BCI performance as a function of BCI type was conducted which included these patients.
| Diagnosis | level of impairment | BCI type | performance (CRR) | level of success | publication |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCI* (T7) | 2 | SMR | 96/89 | 3 | (McFarland et al., 2005; Wolpaw and McFarland, 2004) |
| SCI (C6) | 2 | SMR | 58/92/>60 - <90** | 3 | (McFarland et al., 2005; Wolpaw and McFarland, 2004; McFarland et al., 2003;) |
| Cerebral Palsy | 2 | SMR | >60 - <90** | (McFarland et al., 2003) | |
| ALS | 1 | SMR | 70–80** > 70** | 3 | (Wolpaw et al., 1997; Miner et al., 1998) |
| ALS | 2 | P300 | 80† | 3 | (Sellers and Donchin, 2006) |
| ALS | 2 | P300 | 73† | 3 | (Sellers and Donchin, 2006) |
| ALS | 3 | P300 | 62† | 2 | (Sellers and Donchin, 2006) |
| SCI (C5) | 2 | SMR | 73 | 3 | (Müller-Putz et al., 2005) |
| SCI (TH8) | 2 | SMR | 95† | 3 | (Krausz et al., 2003) |
| SCI (L1, incomplete) | 2 | SMR | 72† | 3 | (Krausz et al., 2003) |
| SCI (L1) | 2 | SMR | 80† | 3 | (Krausz et al., 2003) |
| SCI (TH12 (incomplete), L1, L4 (complete)) | 2 | SMR | 80† | 3 | (Krausz et al., 2003) |
| Cerebral palsy | 3 | SMR | 70 | 3 | (Neuper et al., 2003) |
| SCI (C5) | 2 | SMR | ≤100/orthosis control*** | 3 | (Pfurtscheller et al., 2000; Pfurtscheller et al., 2003) |
| ALS | 3 | SMR | 83 | 3 | (Müller-Putz et al., 2004) |
| ALS | 3 | P300 | 80† | 3 | (Piccione et al., 2006) |
| Brain stem stroke | 4 | P300 | 63† | 2†† | (Piccione et al., 2006) |
| SCI (C4) | 2 | P300 | 76† | 3 | (Piccione et al., 2006) |
| GBS | 2 | P300 | 67† | 2†† | (Piccione et al., 2006) |
| Multiple sclerosis | 3 | P300 | 58† | 2†† | (Piccione et al., 2006) |
| SCI (C4 or C5 complete) | 2 | SMR | 87† | 3 | (Kauhanen et al., 2006) |
| SCI (C4 or C5 complete) | 2 | SMR | 88† | 3 | (Kauhanen et al., 2006) |
| SCI (C4 or C5 complete) | 2 | SMR | 69† | 2†† | (Kauhanen et al., 2006) |
| Cerebral palsy | 3 | P300 | 100† | 3 | (Hoffmann et al., 2008) |
| Multiple sclerosis | 3 | P300 | 100† | 3 | (Hoffmann et al., 2008) |
| ALS | 3 | P300 | 100† | 3 | (Hoffmann et al., 2008) |
| Traumatic brain and spinal-cord injury, C4 level | 3 | P300 | 100† | 3 | (Hoffmann et al., 2008) |
| Post-anoxic encephalopathy | 3 | P300 | not reported | 1 | (Hoffmann et al., 2008) |
SCI = spinal cord injury;
CRR reported for the total group of BCI users (1 patient among healthy participants) and not corresponding to the individual participant;
FES = functional electric stimulation.
Offline calculation of performance (no online performance reported).