Fig. 1.

A: study design demonstrating the control (CON) group and nutrient restriction achieved by cross-fostering postnatal rat pups. Nutrient-restricted mothers received 50% of daily nutrient intake from mid- to late pregnancy [embryonic days 11 (e11) to 21 (e21)] through lactation [postnatal days 1 (PN1) to 21 (PN21)]. B: experimental protocol for exercise (Ex) in 4 groups is shown. The CON and nutrient-restricted groups of animals either underwent supervised exercise or remained sedentary (Sed) from PN day 21 (d21) to PN day 60 (d60) (2 mo). Ad lib, ad libitum; IUGR, intrauterine growth restricted; PNGR, postnatal growth restricted.