TABLE 2.
HEALTH STATUS MEASURES USED BY STUDIES OF HRQoL IN PAH
| Instrument | No. of Items | Response Format | Recall Period | Domains Assessed (Items per Domain) | Scoring Method | Possible Range | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Generic Measures | |||||||
| Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) | 36 | Mixed | Now to 4 weeks | Physical functioning (10) | Weighted | Physical component summary | (8) |
| Role physical (4) | (PCS): 0–100 | (10) | |||||
| Bodily pain (2) | Mental component summary | (26) | |||||
| General health (5) | (MCS): 0–100 | (30) | |||||
| Vitality (4) | Individual domains: 0–100 | (25) | |||||
| Social functioning (2) | |||||||
| Role emotional (3) | |||||||
| Mental health (5) | |||||||
| Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), Part I | 38 | Dichotomous (Yes/No) | At the moment | Physical mobility (8) | Weighted | Individual domains: 0–100* | (23) |
| Pain (8) | 〈No overall score〉 | (28) | |||||
| Social isolation (5) | |||||||
| Emotional reactions (9) | |||||||
| Energy level (3) | |||||||
| Sleep (5) | |||||||
| Multi-Attribute and Preference-based Utility Measures | |||||||
| EuroQol (EQ-5D) utility index | 5 | 3-option response scale | Today | Mobility (1) | Multi-attribute utility theory | 0 (death)–1 (ideal health) | (28) |
| Self-care (1) | |||||||
| Usual activities (1) | |||||||
| Pain/Discomfort (1) | |||||||
| Anxiety/Depression (1) | |||||||
| Australian Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) | 15 | 4-option response scale | 1 week | Illness (3) | Multi-attribute utility theory | 0 (death)–1 (ideal health) | (10) |
| Independent living (3) | (26) | ||||||
| Social relationships (3) | |||||||
| Physical senses (3) | |||||||
| Psychological well-being (3) | |||||||
| Visual Analogue Scale | 1 | Continuous scale | Today | NA | NA | 0–100 | (23) |
| (28) | |||||||
| Standard Gamble | NA | Recursive method | NA | NA | von Neumann- Morgenstern utility theory | 0 (death)–1 (ideal health) | (23) |
| Condition-specific Measures | |||||||
| Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) | 21 | 6-point Likert scale (0 to 5) | 4 weeks | Physical (8) | Summative | Total score: 0–105* | (10) |
| Emotional (5) | Physical domain: 0–40* | (9) | |||||
| Emotional domain: 0–25* | (25) | ||||||
| Congestive Heart Failure Questionnaire† | 20 | 7-point Likert scale (1 to 7) | 2 weeks | Dyspnea (5) | Summative | Individual domains: 1–7* | (23) |
| Fatigue (4) | |||||||
| Emotional function (7) | |||||||
| Mastery (4) | |||||||
| St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) | 50 | Mixed | Now to 4 weeks | Symptoms (8) | Weighted | Total score: 0–100* | (8) |
| Activity (16) | Individual domains: 0–100* | ||||||
| Impact (26) | |||||||
| PAH-specific Measures | |||||||
| Cambridge Pulmonary Hypertension Outcome Review (CAMPHOR) | 65 | Dichotomous and 3-option response scales | Today | Overall symptoms (25) | Summative | Symptom score: 0–25* | (28) |
| - Energy (10) | Activity score: 0–30* | (30) | |||||
| Breathlessness (8) | Quality of Life score: 0–25* | ||||||
| Mood (7) | |||||||
| Activity (15) | |||||||
| Quality of Life (25) | |||||||
Definition of abbreviations: HRQoL = health-related quality of life; NA = not applicable; PAH = pulmonary arterial hypertension.
*
Higher scores indicate greater impairment.
†
Later adapted to become the Chronic Heart Failure Questionnaire.