Table 4.

Multiple Linear Regression Models Relating Activity Restriction Groups at Baseline with Activity of Daily Living (ADL) Disability (n = 673), Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL) Disability (n = 673) and Short Performance Physical Battery (SPPB) Performance (n = 584) After 3 Years

Dependent Variable and Activity Restriction Group	β ± Standard Error	T	P-Value
ADL disability
Model 1*
No restriction		Reference
Moderate restriction	0.028 ± 0.016	1.789	.07
Severe restriction	0.097 ± 0.022	4.419	<.001
Model 2†
No restriction		Reference
Moderate restriction	0.026 ± 0.016	1.656	.10
Severe restriction	0.092 ± 0.023	4.085	<.001
IADL disability
Model 1 *
No restriction		Reference
Moderate restriction	0.054 ± 0.022	2.492	.01
Severe restriction	0.145 ± 0.032	4.582	<.001
Model 2†
No restriction		Reference
Moderate restriction	0.047 ± 0.022	2.183	.03
Severe restriction	0.130 ± 0.032	4.067	<.001
SPPB score
Model 1*
No restriction		Reference
Moderate restriction	− 0.026 ± .021	− 0.976	.329
Severe restriction	− 0.143 ± .032	− 4.502	<.001
Model 2†
No restriction		Reference
Moderate restriction	− 0.014 ± 0.021	− 0.661	.509
Severe restriction	− 0.129 ± 0.032	− 3.981	<.001

^*Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and baseline performance on the respective dependent variable.

^†Adjusted or age, sex, BMI, baseline performance on the respective dependent variable, comorbidity index, Mini-Mental State Examination score, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score, and smoking (pack-years), although smoking was dropped in model 2 for SPPB score.