Table 2.

Incidence Rates of ADL Disability Over a 3-Year Interval, by Nutritional Status at Baseline

Serum Nutrient	Participants, No.	Incidence Rate,* Lowest Quartile†	Participants, No.	Incidence Rate,* Upper 3 Quartiles	P Value
Total carotenoids, μg/dL	150	14.5	493	13.0	.58
Retinol, μg/dL	153	13.9	490	13.1	.57
25-hydroxyvitamin D, ng/mL	134	15.8	442	12.5	.54
Vitamin B6, ng/mL	123	17.3	372	12.8	.02
Vitamin B12, pg/mL	145	16.7	447	12.0	<.001
Folate, ng/mL	148	14.9	446	12.5	.61
Selenium, μg/L	145	21.6	466	10.8	<.001
Zinc, μg/dL	148	15.4	486	12.6	.43

Abbreviation: ADL, activity of daily living.

SI conversion factors: To convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 2.496; carotenoids to micromoles per liter, multiply by 0.01758 for lutein and zeaxanthin, 0.01809 for β-cryptoxanthin, and 0.01863 for lycopene, α-carotene, and β-carotene (thus the conversion factor for total carotenoids is 0.01819); folate to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 2.266; retinol to micromoles per liter, multiply by 0.0349; selenium to micromoles per liter, multiply by 0.0127;vitamin B₆ to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 4.046; vitamin B₁₂ to picomoles per liter, multiply by 0.7378; and zinc to micromoles per liter, multiply by 0.0153.

^*Incidence rate per 100 person-years obtained from individual Cox models with the presented variables as explanatory covariates.

^†Lowest quartile defined among all women at baseline.