Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to serum creatinine levels and multivariate logistic regression models of the incidence of type 2 diabetes
| Total | Serum creatinine (mg/dl)
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.40–0.60 | 0.61–0.70 | 0.71–0.80 | 0.81–0.90 | 0.91–1.60 | ||
| n | 8,570 | 699 | 2,101 | 3,046 | 1,837 | 887 |
| Age (years) | 47.8 ± 4.2 | 48.1 ± 4.0 | 47.7 ± 4.2 | 47.7 ± 4.2 | 47.7 ± 4.1 | 48.0 ± 4.1 |
| Height (cm) | 168.9 ± 5.6 | 167.6 ± 5.7 | 168.6 ± 5.7 | 169.1 ± 5.5 | 169.2 ± 5.4 | 169.4 ± 5.6 |
| Weight (kg) | 66.8 ± 9.4 | 63.9 ± 9.2 | 65.3 ± 9.7 | 67.0 ± 9.0 | 68.1 ± 9.1 | 69.6 ± 9.3 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 2.9 | 22.7 ± 2.9 | 23.0 ± 3.0 | 23.4 ± 2.8 | 23.8 ± 2.7 | 24.2 ± 2.9 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 97.6 ± 9.5 | 97.7 ± 9.8 | 97.3 ± 9.4 | 97.6 ± 9.5 | 97.8 ± 9.2 | 98.1 ± 9.5 |
| Daily alcohol consumption (g ethanol) | 25.2 ± 21.9 | 29.0 ± 24.2 | 27.4 ± 22.6 | 25.2 ± 21.7 | 23.7 ± 21.3 | 20.2 ± 19.5 |
| Drinking habit categories | ||||||
| Nondrinkers | 15.5 | 14.7 | 13.3 | 15.6 | 16.8 | 18.6 |
| Light drinkers | 19.3 | 15.6 | 18.0 | 18.9 | 20.4 | 24.5 |
| Moderate drinkers | 35.0 | 33.9 | 35.6 | 34.4 | 35.3 | 36.1 |
| Heavy drinkers | 30.1 | 35.8 | 33.1 | 31.1 | 27.5 | 20.9 |
| Smoking habit | ||||||
| Nonsmokers | 21.5 | 12.7 | 18.2 | 21.3 | 24.9 | 29.5 |
| Past smokers | 22.4 | 14.3 | 17.8 | 22.7 | 27.1 | 29.2 |
| Current smokers | 56.1 | 73.0 | 64.0 | 56.0 | 48.0 | 41.3 |
| Walk to work | ||||||
| 0–10 min | 19.8 | 18.0 | 18.2 | 18.9 | 22.0 | 23.3 |
| 11–20 min | 52.4 | 52.1 | 52.2 | 54.6 | 49.0 | 52.2 |
| ≥21 min | 27.9 | 29.9 | 29.6 | 26.5 | 29.0 | 24.5 |
| Regular leisure-time physical activity | 18.1 | 10.0 | 15.8 | 17.9 | 21.7 | 23.1 |
| Family history of diabetes | 12.9 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.9 | 13.6 | 12.1 |
| Incidence of type 2 diabetes | 877 (10.2) | 103 (14.7) | 223 (10.6) | 283 (9.3) | 176 (9.6) | 92 (10.4) |
| Total model | ||||||
| Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | 1.69 (1.32–2.15) | 1.16 (0.96–1.40) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.85–1.26) | 1.13 (0.88–1.45) | |
| Multiple-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)* | 1.91 (1.44–2.54) | 1.32 (1.07–1.63) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.83–1.30) | 1.01 (0.76–1.35) | |
| Stratified analysis according to median BMI | ||||||
| BMI ≤23.31 kg/m2 | 4,286 | |||||
| Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | 1.90 (1.31–2.76) | 1.27 (0.94–1.71) | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.79–1.57) | 0.99 (0.61–1.62) | |
| Multiple-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)* | 1.96 (1.28–2.98) | 1.37 (0.98–1.91) | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.78–1.65) | 0.91 (0.53–1.56) | |
| BMI >23.31 kg/m2 | 4,284 | |||||
| Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | 1.78 (1.28–2.46) | 1.20 (0.94–1.52) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.75–1.22) | 1.06 (0.79–1.42) | |
| Multiple-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)* | 1.85 (1.26–2.73) | 1.29 (0.98–1.71) | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.75–1.32) | 1.05 (0.75–1.48) | |
Data are means ± SD, %, or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. In multiple logistic regression analysis, age, daily alcohol consumption, fasting plasma glucose, and serum creatinine showed a nonlinear association with the incidence of type 2 diabetes in all models. Therefore, we fit the models by using these variables categorized for easy understanding.
The multiple logistic regression model was adjusted for age (40–44, 45–49, or 50–55 years), BMI, fasting plasma glucose (<100, 100–109, or 110–125 mg/dl), daily alcohol consumption (nondrinkers, light drinkers [0.1–16.3 g ethanol/day], moderate drinkers [16.4–42.6 g ethanol/day], or heavy drinkers [42.7–115.0 g ethanol/day]), smoking habit (nonsmokers, past smokers, or current smokers), the duration of the walk to work (0–10, 11–20, or ≥21 min), regular leisure-time physical activity, and family history of diabetes.