TABLE 1.
Subject characteristics
| Control subjects | m.3243A>G mutation
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | ||
| n | 13 | 5 | 3 | 7 |
| Clinical features | ||||
| Men (n) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Age (years) | 47 ± 3.0 | 48 ± 4.0 | 46 ± 5.1 | 46 ± 4.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 0.8 | 25.9 ± 1.2 | 23.9 ± 2.2 | 20.6 ± 1.2* |
| Physical activity (daily metabolic equivalent minutes) | 442 ± 79 | 655 ± 115 | 548 ± 157 | 351 ± 58 |
| Epithelial heteroplasmy (%) | 0 | 33 ± 10 | 47 ± 3 | 53 ± 4* |
| Muscle heteroplasmy (%) | — | 46 ± 8 | 74 ± 1 | 80 ± 5* |
| Hearing aid (n) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | — | — | 0 | 9.7 ± 1.2 |
| Medication | ||||
| Insulin | — | — | — | 6/7 |
| Metformin and nateglinide | — | — | — | 1/7 |
| Statins | — | 1/5 | — | 4/7 |
| β-Blockers | — | 1/5 | — | 1/7 |
| Thyroid hormone | 1/13 | 2/5 | — | — |
| ACE inhibitors | — | 1/5 | — | 1/7 |
| Valsartan | — | — | — | 2/7 |
| Smokers | 1/13 | — | 1/3 | 2/7 |
| Metabolic characteristics | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 6.0 ± 0.3 | 9.2 ± 0.8†‡§ |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 7.7 ± 0.4†* |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l) | 39 ± 4 | 40 ± 7 | 60 ± 16 | 31 ± 4¶* |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/l) | 0.55 ± 0.04 | 0.60 ± 0.05 | 0.72 ± 0.12 | 0.44 ± 0.07 |
| Fasting free fatty acids (mmol/l) | 0.45 ± 0.1 | 0.46 ± 0.1 | 0.66 ± 0.2 | 0.66 ± 0.1 |
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 252 ± 13 | 285 ± 29 | 297 ± 83 | 328 ± 50 |
| Creatine kinase (units/l) | 91 ± 8 | 116 ± 48 | 164 ± 83 | 155 ± 32 |
| Resting energy expenditure (kcal/min) | 1.07 ± 0.02 | 1.05 ± 0.08 | 1.00 ± 0.11 | 0.93 ± 0.07 |
| Resting energy expenditure (kcal · kg−1 · min−1) | 16 ± 0.8 | 16 ± 0.9 | 16 ± 1.1 | 18 ± 1.1 |
Data are means ± SE. Comparisons between groups were made when overall P < 0.05. A P value for significant pairwise differences is given.
*
P < 0.05 vs. group 1.
†
P < 0.001 vs. healthy subjects.
‡
P < 0.01 vs. group 1.
§
P < 0.05 vs. group 2.
¶
P < 0.05 vs. healthy subjects.