TABLE 1.
Age-adjusted baseline characteristics according to quartiles of daily calcium intakes and plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D in healthy men and women1
| Total calcium intake, mg/d
|
Plasma 25(OH)D, mmol/L
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
| Men from HPFS cohort | ||||||||
| n | 221 | 222 | 222 | 223 | 222 | 224 | 222 | 220 |
| Median total Ca intake or plasma 25(OH)D | 580 | 760 | 952 | 1408 | 38 | 55 | 68 | 88 |
| Age, y (not adusted) | 65 | 64 | 65 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 |
| Plasma C-peptide, μg/L | 2.25 | 2.09 | 2.19 | 2.03 | 2.32 | 2.15 | 2.25 | 1.82 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.9 | 26.0 | 25.7 | 25.6 | 26.5 | 26.1 | 26.0 | 25.2 |
| Hypertension, % | 28 | 29 | 24 | 26 | 31 | 28 | 29 | 22 |
| Physical activity, MET/wk | 44 | 61 | 47 | 58 | 59 | 45 | 61 | 61 |
| Use of multivitamin, % | 38 | 48 | 50 | 61 | 42 | 49 | 43 | 53 |
| Alcohol, g/d | 14.7 | 15.1 | 12.6 | 11.2 | 8.1 | 10.1 | 12.0 | 12.5 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||||
| Cereal fiber, g/d | 6.6 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 8.0 |
| Glycemic load | 131 | 132 | 134 | 137 | 137 | 139 | 135 | 135 |
| Retinol, μg/d | 1110 | 1033 | 1335 | 1999 | 1201 | 1344 | 1315 | 1638 |
| Calcium, mg/d | 552 | 753 | 968 | 1522 | 863 | 922 | 932 | 1038 |
| Calcium supplement user, % | 16 | 29 | 40 | 68 | 34 | 40 | 34 | 39 |
| Vitamin D, μg/d | 7.7 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 15.4 | 9.3 | 11.0 | 11.2 | 12.4 |
| Dairy foods,3servings/d | 0.8 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.3 |
| Women from NHS cohort | ||||||||
| n | 272 | 274 | 270 | 269 | 271 | 272 | 270 | 272 |
| Median total Ca intake or plasma 25(OH)D | 548 | 768 | 1103 | 1675 | 44 | 67 | 85 | 112 |
| Age, y (not standardized) | 57 | 57 | 59 | 60 | 59 | 60 | 58 | 60 |
| C-peptide, μg/L | 2.04 | 1.96 | 1.80 | 1.79 | 2.04 | 1.79 | 1.89 | 1.60 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.0 | 25.9 | 25.5 | 25.2 | 26.3 | 25.6 | 25.0 | 24.2 |
| Hypertension, % | 14 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 18 |
| Postmenopausal women, % | 80 | 81 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 85 | 84 |
| Hormone use among postmenopausal women, % | 31 | 31 | 35 | 51 | 33 | 44 | 39 | 44 |
| Physical activity,2MET/wk | 13 | 15 | 21 | 18 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 20 |
| Use of multivitamin, % | 22 | 32 | 44 | 59 | 28 | 35 | 52 | 44 |
| Alcohol, g/d | 6.5 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 7.0 |
| Dairy dietary intake | ||||||||
| Cereal fiber, g/d | 4.9 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.5 |
| Glycemic load | 106 | 106 | 105 | 102 | 106 | 105 | 105 | 104 |
| Retinol, μg/d | 823 | 1008 | 1225 | 1792 | 1039 | 1237 | 1373 | 1338 |
| Intake of calcium, mg/d | 536 | 777 | 1101 | 1777 | 945 | 1060 | 1160 | 1110 |
| Calcium supplement user, % | 12 | 28 | 60 | 93 | 42 | 51 | 59 | 53 |
| Intake of vitamin D, μg/d | 5.7 | 7.7 | 9.9 | 12.9 | 7.1 | 9.1 | 10.2 | 9.9 |
| Dairy consumption,3servings/d | 1.2 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 |
1
Values are age-adjusted means or percentages unless otherwise noted.
2
MET, Metabolic equivalent task.
3
50 g of cheese or 175 g of yogurt.