TABLE 5.
Total daily calcium intakes based on hypertension status and dietary and supplemental calcium intakes of hypertensive men and women in relation to fasting plasma concentrations of C-peptide1–4
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-trend | P-interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | ||||||
| Normotensive, n | 147 | 146 | 145 | 148 | ||
| Total calcium intake, mg/d | 1.99 ± 0.24 | 1.59 ± 0.17 | 2.00 ± 0.16 | 1.96 ± 0.22 | 0.7 | 0.09 |
| Hypertensive, n | 76 | 75 | 76 | 75 | ||
| Total calcium intake, mg/d | 2.19 ± 0.30 | 2.28 ± 0.27 | 2.02 ± 0.26 | 1.78 ± 0.30 | 0.02 | |
| Dietary calcium, mg/d | 2.17 ± 0.30 | 2.02 ± 0.26 | 2.22 ± 0.28 | 1.81 ± 0.40 | 0.6 | |
| Women | ||||||
| Normotensive, n | 411 | 412 | 410 | 412 | ||
| Total calcium intake, mg/d | 1.86 ± 0.07 | 1.83 ± 0.06 | 1.73 ± 0.06 | 1.81 ± 0.06 | 0.3 | 0.05 |
| Hypertensive, n | 74 | 73 | 74 | 74 | ||
| Total calcium intake, mg/d | 2.76 ± 0.2 | 2.61 ± 0.2 | 2.46 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 0.003 | |
| Dietary calcium, mg/d | 2.65 ± 0.25 | 2.35 ± 0.21 | 2.62 ± 0.22 | 2.01 ± 0.26 | 0.3 | |
| Supplemental calcium, mg/d
|
||||||
| n | Nonuser | n | User | P-value | ||
| Hypertensive men | 172 | 2.19 ± 0.24 | 130 | 1.93 ± 0.25 | 0.02 | |
| Hypertensive women | 140 | 2.61 ± 0.18 | 155 | 2.29 ± 0.18 | 0.02 | |
1
Other variables adjusted in the model include: age, BMI, smoking, physical activity, race, state of residence, hours of fasting, laboratory batches, time of blood draw, caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption, alcohol, cereal fiber, retinol, and glycemic load intake, total energy intake, vitamin D intake, and dairy foods.
2
For women, we additionally adjusted for postmenopausal status and hormone use.
3
Dietary calcium and supplemental calcium were adjusted simultaneously.
4
Concentrations of C-peptide are presented as means ± SE.