Table 2.
Patient characteristics
| Control | Insulin | p Value | |
| Period | August to December 2004 | June 2005 to June 2006 | |
| Total (n) | 305 | 745 | |
| Female | 103 (33.8) | 265 (35.6) | 0.61 |
| Body Mass Index, mean ± SD | 26.1 ± 4.0 | 26.0 ± 4.3 | 0.98 |
| Insulin-treated diabetics, n (%) | 17 (5.6) | 33 (4.4) | 0.43 |
| Non-Insulin-treated diabetics, n (%) | 33 (10.8) | 89 (11.9) | 0.67 |
| Untreated diabetics with fasting glucose ≥ 125 mg/dL, n (%) | 22 (7.2) | 40 (5.4) | 0.25 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 106 ± 31 | 107 ± 26 | 0.11 |
| Unstable angina, n (%) | 4 (1.3) | 11 (1.5) | 1.0 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 48 (15.8) | 128 (17.2) | 0.65 |
| LVEF 30% to 50%, n (%) | 47 (15.6) | 99 (13.3) | 0.38 |
| LVEF < 30%, n (%) | 23 (7.6) | 60 (8.1) | 0.89 |
| Recent myocardial infarction, n (%) | 9 (3) | 18 (2.4) | 0.67 |
| COPD, n (%) | 32 (10.5) | 63 (8.4) | 0.29 |
| Peripheral arteriopathy, n (%) | 5 (1.6) | 16 (2.1) | 0.80 |
| Neurologic dysfunction, n (%) | 19 (6.3) | 37 (4.9) | 0.45 |
| Serum creatinine > 2.1 mg/dL, n (%) | 6 (1.9) | 17 (2.3) | 1.0 |
| Endocarditis, n (%) | 3 (1.0) | 8 (1.1) | 1.0 |
| Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 105 (34.4) | 296 (39.7) | 0.12 |
| EuroSCORE, mean ± SD | 4 ± 3 | 4 ± 3 | 0.76 |
| Cleveland Clinic Severity Score | 2 ± 2 | 3 ± 2 | 0.19 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (%) unless otherwise mentioned.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EuroSCORE, European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; SD, standard deviation.