TABLE 1.
CONGENITAL ABERRANT TEARING REPORTED WITH DUANE SYNDROME BUT NO OTHER SYNDROME
| SOURCE | SERIES TYPE | NO. OF CASES WITH ABERRANT TEARING | AGE (YR)/SEX | MOTILITY | CROCODILE TEARS | EMOTIONAL TEARING | 7TH NERVE PALSY | COMMENTS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agarwal6 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 15/M | DS OU | OU | NI | 0 | Tearing with most sour foods, not sweet taste |
| Antonelli7 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | NI | NI | OD | Absent | NI | |
| Biedner and associates8 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 6/M | DS OU | OU | NI | 0 | Mastication movements alone did not cause tearing |
| Cricchi9 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 16/NI | DS OU | OU | Absent | 0 | |
| D’Ermo10 | Aberrant tearing | 2 | NI | DS OU | OU | Absent | 0 | Facial asymmetry; oxycephaly |
| Facial asymmetry | ||||||||
| NI | DS OD | OD | Absent | 0 | ||||
| Ehlers11 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 5/F | Abduction deficit OU | OU (sour) | Absent OU | Weakness | Schirmer test (mm) 7 OD/23 OS → 19/35 with vinegar; no change with sweet |
| Hartwig and Kaufmann12 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | NI | DS OU | OU | NI | NI | |
| Jacklin13 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 42/NI | Normal | OS | NI | L | ↓ Hearing; birth trauma L; Schirmer 3/12 mm; used chewing to treat dry eye OS |
| Jampel and Titone14 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 6/F | DS OD | OD | Normal | R | Normal reaction to ammonia; tearing primarily to sucking and chewing; scoliosis; syndactyly; arachnodactylia; microstomia; leg anomaly |
| Karsenti and associates15 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 4/NI | DS + Brown syndrome | Yes | NI | NI | Internal and external ear |
| Komoto16 | Aberrant tearing | 2 | 2/F | Normal | OD | Absent OD | 0 | |
| 5/M | Normal | OU | Normal | 0 | ||||
| Lillie17 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | NI | Lateral rectus palsy | Yes | NI | NI | |
| Lutman18 | Aberrant tearing | 2 | NI | Limited abduction deficit | Unilateral | NI | NI | |
| NI | Limited abduction OU | OU | NI | NI | ||||
| Magni and associates19 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 5/F | DS OU | OU | NI | NI | |
| Molinari20 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 29/M | DS OD | OD | Absent OD | 0 | |
| Nair21 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 30/M | DS OU | OU | NI | 0 | Tearing with chewing spicy food |
| Pereira and Arts22 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | Infant/M | NI | OU | NI | NI | |
| Ramsay and Taylor23 | Aberrant tearing | 2 | 3/M | DS OU | OU | Absent | Bilateral weakness | No lacrimation to irritants but ↑ to chewing; normal corneal sensation; finger anomaly; no stapedial reflex |
| 3/M | DS OU | OU | Absent | Bilateral weakness | Deaf, external ear; normal corneal sensation; no tearing to irritants | |||
| Regenbogen and Stein24 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 7/F | DS OS | OS | Normal | 0 | Lacrimation with chewing, especially sour but not tasteless substances; ammonia fumes and corneal irritation stimulate tearing; Schirmer scores equal between eyes |
| Sannohe and associates25 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 13/F | DS OU | OU | NI | 0 | Sensorineural hearing loss due to failed cochlear development |
| Sarda and associates26 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 14/M | Abduction deficit OD | OD | Absent OD | 0 | Normal cornea response to irritation and ammonia fumes; equal normal Schirmer scores |
| Tachibana and associates27 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 19/F | DS OU | OU | Absent OU | 0 | Adopted; internal and external ear; scoliosis; hearing ↓, absence of oval window |
| Walsh and associates28 | Aberrant tearing | 1 | 1/NI | Abduction deficit | OU | NI | NI | |
| Zhang29 | 201 cases of DS | 26 (12%) | NI*/99 M; 102 F | All DS | 26 (13%) | NI | NI | No pregnancy history given |
| Zhang30 | Aberrant tearing | 25 | NI/8 M | 15 DS OU | 15 cases OU; | NI | NI | DS usually bilateral with bilateral tearing and unilateral DS with unilateral tearing |
| NI/17 F | 10 monocular | 10 monocular |
DS, Duane syndrome; OD, right eye; OS, left eye; OU, both eyes; L, left side; NI, no information; R, right side; ↑, increased; ↓, decreased.
*
Age in series was 1–32 years, but no information was given on the 26 patients with crocodile tears.