Table 4.
Effect of exercise training on endothelial function in aging or pathology
| Reference | Species | Method | Vessels | EDD | EID | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGING | ||||||
| Hashimoto, 1990 (14) | Rat | In vitro rings | Aorta | ↔ max to Ach ↓ sensitivity to ACh |
12 wk treadmill training | |
| Spier et al., 2004 (48) | Fischer Rat | In vitro cannulated | SOL 1A | ↑ Ach & eNOS pro & mRNA in both O & Y | No effect of aging or ExTr | Aging ↓ Ach, NOS X abolished ExTr effect Aging ↑ eNOS, but not mRNA |
| WG 1A | ↑ Ach & eNOS in Y only, but ↑ mRNA in O & Y | No effect of aging or ExTr | Aging ↔ Ach; Aging ↔ eNOS & mRNA 12 wk ExTr at 15 m/min |
|||
| Sun et al., 2002 (50) | Rat | In vitro cannulated | Gracilis arterioles | Aging ↓ and ExTr ↑ flow-induced dilation | No change | Young and adult rats 18–20 wk training |
| Tsutsumi et al., 2001 (53) | Rat | In vitro rings | Aorta | ↓ at low doses ACh | No change | 3 month treadmill training |
| CORONARY DISEASE MODELS | ||||||
| Fogarty et al., 2004 (9) | Pig | In vitro cannulated | Coronary arterioles | ↑ VEGF in collateral dep. Only; dilation ↓ by NOS blockade | 14 wk training Ameroid occluder |
|
| Griffin et al., 1999 (12) | Pig (female) | In vitro rings | Coronary arteries | ↑ in normal and collateral-dependent | 16 wk training Ameroid occluder |
|
| Griffin et al., 2001 (13) | Pig (female) | In vitro cannulated | Coronary arterioles | Occlusion ↓ and ExTr ↑ BK dil. & eNOS | No change | 16 wk training Ameroid occluder |
| Indolfi et al., 2002 (15) | Rat | Various | Carotid arteries | ↑ eNOS & ↓ neointimal hyperplasia | Balloon angioplasty; Swim training 2 wks pre and 2 wks post injury | |
| Johnson et al., 2000 (21) | Pig (female) | In vitro rings | Pulmonary artery in ameroid occluder pigs | ↑ in NO dependent manner | No change | 16 wk training |
| Yi et al., 2000 (62) | Dog | In vivo Doppler | LCX | AA dilation ↓ by CHF, ↑ by ExTr | No change to PGI2 or NTG | Pacing-induced CHF for 4 wks or pacing + 2 hrs/d of treadmill |
| HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA | ||||||
| Jen et al., 2002 (19) | Rabbit | In vitro rings | Femoral | HF ↓ Ach dilation & Ca ExTr ↑ Ach & Ca |
HF ↓ and ExTr ↑ | Hypercholesterolemic 8 wk training |
| Niebauer et al., 1999 (41) | Mice | In vitro rings | Aorta | ↓ by ApoE KO & ↑ by ExTr | ↓ by ApoE KO, but ↔ to ExTr | Hypercholesterolemic (ApoE KO) Treadmill ExTr for 4 wks |
| Pynn et al., 2004 (44) | Mice | Various | Carotid artery injury in ApoE KO mice | ↑ eNOS ↓ neointimal lesions |
Hypercholesterolemic (ApoE KO); 3 wks running prior to injury & 3 wks after. | |
| Thompson et al., 2004 (52) | Pig (male) | In vitro rings | Coronary arteries | ↑ BK dilation and ↑ SOD -1 & 2; ↔ eNOS | Hypercholesterolemic 16–20 week training |
|
| Woodman et al., 2004 (57) | Pig (female) | In vitro rings | Coronary arteries | ↑ BK dilation via ↑ NO activity | ↑ in high fat and HF ExTr | Hypercholesterolemic 16–20 week training |
| Woodman et al., 2003 (58) | Pig (female) | In vitro rings | Brachial | ↓ by HF due to NO, PGI ↑ by ExTr due to other | No change | Hyperlipidemia 16 week training |
| Yang & Chen, 2003 (59) | Rabbit | In vitro rings | Aorta | ↑Ach dilation in normal, less ↑ in high chol. | Hypercholesterolemic 8 wks ExTr ↓ iNOS and adhesion molecule expression |
|
| Yang et al., 2003 (60) | Rabbit | In vitro rings | Aorta | ↑ Ach dil. in high chol. Due to ↑ NO & ↑ EDHF |
Hypercholesterolemic 2,4,6 wks ExTr; 4 & 6 wk ↓ adhesion molecule expression |
|
| HYPERTENSION | ||||||
| Arvola et al., 1999 (2) | Zucker Rats | In vitro rings | Mesenteric | ↑ ACh in Lean & Ob. | ↑ SNP in Lean & Obese | Obesity/Hypertension; 22 wks training ExTr effect KOed by L-NAME, but not COX or EDHF block |
| Carotid | ↑ ACh only in Obese | ↑ SNP in both | ||||
| Chen and Chiang, 1996 (3) | WKY & SHR Rats | In vitro rings | Aorta | ↑ PE constriction | 10 wk training ↓ PE abolished by L-NNA |
|
| Chen et al., 1996 (4) | WKY & SHR Rats | In vitro rings | Aorta Carotid |
↑ Ach due to NO ↔ ACh |
↔ SNP | 10 week training |
| Graham & Rush, 2004 (11) | WKY & SHR Rats | In vitro rings Molecular |
Aorta | ↑ Ach dilation & eNOS, ↔ SOD, catalase | No change | Hypertension 6 wk low intensity exercise |
| TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS | ||||||
| Minami et al., 2002 (36) | OL-E Rat | In vitro rings | Aorta | D ↓ EDRF & EDHF | Diabetic Wheel running for 9 and 24 wks |
|
| Mesenteric | ExTr ↑ EDRF & EDHF | |||||
| Sakamoto et al., 1998 (46) | OL-E Rat | In vitro rings | Aorta | D ↓ Histamine | No change | Diabetic Wheel running 16 wks |
| Mesenteric | ExTr ↑ Histamine | |||||
EDD: endothelium-dependent dilation, G: gastrocnemius, R: red, W: white, ExTr: exercise training, HF: high fat, D: diabetes, KO: knock out.