Table 3.

Summary of the Effects of Maternally Administered Buprenorphine on the Development of the Rat Brain

Reference	Daily Dose(mg/kg)	Route of Admin.	Duration of Drug Exposure	Age of Offspring when Evaluated (days)	Developmental Effects(Compared to Controls)
[336]	1 or 2	s.c.	Gest	21	No effecton met- or leu-enkephalin levels.
[17]	0.5	i.p.	E14-22	1	Decreasedµ-receptor Bmax in brain membranes.
				7	No effecton µ-receptor Bmax in brain membranes.
				1 & 7	No effect on µ-receptor Kd.
[165]	0.3, 1 or 3	s.c. OMP	E8-E22	0, 22 or 30	No effect on rest-activity cycle.
[14]	0.15 or 0.3	s.c.	E6-20	1, 28, 50	Impaired parental behaviour (0.6), expected sex difference for saccharine preference diminished (males consuming more in 0.6 grp).
[19]	2.5	s.c.	E6-20	1	Up-regulation of κ-receptors.
	0.15, 0.3 or 2.5				Down-regulation of µ-receptor. No effect on µ- nor κ-receptor Kd & mRNA.
[321]	1.5	s.c. OMP	E7-22, P0-10 & E7-P10	10	Decreased striatal NGF content by >40%.
[318]	-	-	Gest	10 & 22	Decreased striatal choline acetyltransferase mRNA.
[320]	0.3, 1 or 3	s.c. OMP	E7-P13, P0-13 or E7-P13	0-21	Increase in morphine ED25 pre &/or post (larger dose=large decrease in sensitivity). Increased withdrawal score (0.3 & 3). Altered timing of behavioural characteristics.
[399]	1.5	s.c. OMP	E7-P0, P0-10 or E7-P10	10	Decreased striatal NGF.
				4 or 10	No effect on NGF mRNA.
[319]	0.3	s.c. OMP	E7-P0	4	Decreasedstriatal ACh.
			E7-P0	21	Increasedstriatal ACh (males).
			P0-21
	3		P0-21	4	Decreasedstriatal ACh.
			E7-P21	21
[141]	0.5 or 1	s.c. OMP	E10-P7	2	Decreasedµ-receptor GTPγS binding in ventral tegmental area.
				7	No effect on µ- nor N/OFQ-receptor GTPγS binding.
	1			2	Increased N/OFQ-receptor GTPγS binding in nucleus accumbens & lateral septum (males).

Gest = gestation, E = embryonic day, P = postnatal day, s.c. = subcutaneous, i.p. = intraperitoneal, OMP = osmotic minipump, ACh = acetylcholine, NGF = nerve growth factor and GTPγS = guanosine triphosphate gamma stimulatory protein.