Table 3. Pooled odds ratios from meta-analysis of all studies and sensitivity analyses.

Group	Detail	Estimates including low exposure prevalence studies				Estimates excluding low exposure prevalence studies
		N	OR	95% CI		N	OR	95% CI
All studies		27	1.78	1.45–2.18		23	1.93	1.54–2.42
		26	1.67a	1.39–2.01		22	1.79a	1.46–2.21
Study design	Randomized control trial (one study)	2	1.28	1.06–1.54		No studies with low prevalence
	Cohort	7	2.12	1.05–4.25		No studies with low prevalence
	All case–control	15	1.97	1.47–2.64		11	2.38	1.90–2.97
	Case–control with good control selection	(9)	1.50	1.05–2.14		(5)	2.17	1.07–4.41
	Cross sectional	3	1.49	1.21–1.85		No studies with low prevalence
Confounding	Adequate or good adjustmenta	16	1.77	1.43–2.18		14	1.80	1.43–2.25
Exposure	Good categorizationa	16	1.67	1.33–2.09		14	1.73	1.35–2.20
	Solid versus clean fuela	14	1.69	1.29–2.20		12	1.76	1.32–2.36
Outcome	Excluding DHSa	23	1.72	1.37–2.17		19	1.89	1.44–2.48
measure	Used physician diagnosis or more specific	20	1.65	1.26–2.15		16	1.83	1.31–2.55
		–	–	–		15	1.97b	1.44–2.70
Age group	< 60 months	11	1.62	1.21–2.15		10	1.67	1.22–2.30
	< 36 months	4	2.05	1.38–3.07		3	2.17	1.37–3.43
	< 24 monthsa	12	1.96	1.36–2.82		9	1.85	1.27–2.69

CI, confidence interval; DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys; OR, odds ratio.
^a Exclusion of Group II in study by Pandey et al.³² (this study was of children < 24 months of age, so only required exclusion in the youngest group in the age sensitivity analyses).
^b Exclusion of study by Jin et al.³⁵