TABLE 1.
Metabolic profile, weight, dietary composition, and exercise in 532 subjects with type 1 diabetes assigned to intensive treatment at baseline and during the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)1
| Baseline |
During the DCCT2 |
||||
| Variable | Mean ± SD | Median (25th–75th percentile) | Mean ± SD | Median (25th–75th percentile) | P value for difference in means3 |
| Age (y) | 27.3 ± 7 | 28 (22–33) | — | — | — |
| Women [n (%)] | 274 (52) | — | — | — | — |
| Hb A1c at baseline (%) | 9.12 ± 1.57 | 8.92 (7.95–10.05) | — | — | — |
| Hb A1c at year 5 (%) | — | — | 7.28 ± 1.17 | 7.10 (6.60–7.70) | 0.64 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 177 ± 33 | 175 (154–197) | 180 ± 29 | 179 (161–200) | 0.002 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 110 ± 28 | 107 (91–127) | 113 ± 26 | 111 (95–131) | 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50 ± 12 | 48 (42–58) | 51 ± 13 | 50 (42–58) | 0.0003 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 84 ± 46 | 71 (58–95) | 78 ± 37 | 69 (55–90) | 0.004 |
| BMI at baseline (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 2.7 | 23 (21–25) | — | — | — |
| BMI at year 5 (kg/m2) | — | — | 26.2 ± 3.7 | 26 (24–28) | <0.00014 |
| Baseline weight (kg) | 68.4 ± 11.0 | 68.4 (60.5–75) | — | — | — |
| Absolute weight gain, years 0–5 (kg) | — | — | 8.95 ± 7.93 | 8.0 (3.6–13.6) | <0.00014 |
| Total energy (kcal) | 2496 ± 1036 | 2325 (1829–2938) | 2144 ± 707 | 2010 (1632-2523) | <0.0001 |
| Energy (kcal/kg) | 36.9 ± 15.1 | 33.8 (27.4–42.5) | 29 ± 9 | 27 (22–34) | <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 45.7 ± 6.9 | 44.7 (39.7–49.1) | 45.5 ± 6.4 | 45.5 (40.9–49.7) | 0.01 |
| Available carbohydrate (% of energy)5 | 40.4 ± 6.08 | 41.0 (36.4–44.4) | 41.2 ± 5.6 | 41.2 (37.3–44.9) | 0.004 |
| Protein (% of energy) | 17.8 ± 3.0 | 17.6 (15.8–19.5) | 18.1 ± 2.4 | 18.0 (16.6–19.6) | 0.02 |
| Total fat (% of energy) | 38.5 ± 6.6 | 38.7 (34.2–42.6) | 36.8 ± 6.2 | 36.9 (32.7–41.3) | <0.0001 |
| Saturated fat (% of energy) | 13.5 ± 3.0 | 13.4 (11.5–15.6) | 12.7 ± 2.7 | 12.7 (10.8–14.4) | <0.0001 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (% of energy) | 7.6 ± 2.4 | 7.3 (5.9–8.7) | 7.5 ± 2.0 | 7.32 (6.2–8.5) | 0.4 |
| Monounsaturated fat (% of energy) | 14.5 ± 3.0 | 14.5 (12.7–16.3) | 13.9 ± 2.6 | 13.9 (12.1–15.7) | <0.0001 |
| Fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 10.7 ± 3.8 | 9.8 (8.0–12.7) | 10.6 ± 3.4 | 10.0 (8.3–12.1) | 0.6 |
| Soluble fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 2.9 (2.3–3.8) | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 3.0 (2.4–3.6) | 0.7 |
| Insoluble fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 5.9 ± 2.7 | 5.4 (4.0–7.6) | 5.8 ± 2.4 | 5.5 (4.1–7.0) | 0.3 |
| Exercise level6 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 3 (3–3) | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3 (3–3.5) | <0.0001 |
1
Hb A1c, glycated hemoglobin.
2
Values are the mean of those obtained at years 2 and 5, unless otherwise specified.
3
P value for paired t test for difference in means between baseline and mean of years 2 and 5 unless otherwise specified.
4
P value for change between baseline and year 5.
5
Carbohydrate (g) minus total dietary fiber (g).
6
Exercise level: 1 = strenuous, 2 = vigorous, 3 = moderate, and 4 = sedentary.