Table 2.
Clinical characteristics and laboratory results for 678 Hispanic youth with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: the SEARCH study, 2001 prevalent and 2002–2005 incident cohorts with a study visit
Type 1 diabetes (n = 551) |
Type 2 diabetes (n = 127) |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aged 0–9 years* | Aged 10–14 years | Aged ≥15 years | P† | Aged 10–14 years | Aged ≥15 years | P† | |
n | 179 | 210 | 162 | 40 | 87 | ||
Diagnosis | |||||||
Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) (means ± SD) | 4.5 ± 2.5 | 8.7 ± 3.2 | 11.2 ± 4.2 | NA | 11.6 ± 1.5 | 14.6 ± 2.1 | NA |
Duration of diabetes at visit (months) (means ± SD) | 22.0 ± 22.9 | 41.4 ± 38.0 | 73.2 ± 50.8 | <0.0001 | 13.8 ± 10.7 | 26.8 ± 24.0 | 0.001 |
Duration of diabetes at visit (months) [n (%)] | <0.0001 | 0.014 | |||||
<6 | 37 (20.8) | 21 (10.0) | 7 (4.3) | 8 (20.0) | 9 (10.3) | ||
6–12 | 47 (26.4) | 35 (16.7) | 13 (8.1) | 12 (30.0) | 19 (21.8) | ||
>12 | 94 (52.8) | 154 (73.3) | 141 (97.6) | 20 (50.0) | 59 (67.8) | ||
Learned they had diabetes through the following [n (%)]‡ | NA | NA | |||||
Symptoms | 159 (90.9) | 189 (92.6) | 141 (88.1) | 20 (51.3) | 39 (47.6) | ||
Physical/check up | 12 (7.4) | 17 (9.2) | 21 (14.1) | 12 (31.6) | 29 (35.4) | ||
Screening | 4 (2.5) | 5 (2.7) | 3 (2.0) | 2 (5.3) | 5 (6.3) | ||
DKA at diagnosis, incident cases [n (% yes)] | 30 (25.6) | 22 (23.7) | 8 (21.6) | 0.87 | 3 (9.4) | 3 (6.4) | 0.62 |
Any family history of diabetes [n (% yes)]§ | 92 (52.3) | 129 (62.0) | 113 (70.2) | 0.003 | 35 (89.7) | 71 (82.6) | 0.30 |
Clinical characteristics | |||||||
BMI (means ± SD) | 17.6 ± 2.7 | 21.7 ± 3.9 | 25.5 ± 5.1 | <0.0001 | 32.0 ± 8.1 | 33.3 ± 7.4 | 0.42 |
BMI z score (means ± SD) | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.29 | 2 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 0.28 |
Acanthosis nigricans [n (% present)] | 1 (0.7) | 20 (10.4) | 16 (10.7) | 0.0009 | 24 (66.7) | 46 (56.1) | 0.28 |
High blood pressure at visit [n (%)]‖ | 15 (10.8) | 12 (6.2) | 6 (4.0) | 0.07 | 7 (18.9) | 18 (21.7) | 0.73 |
High blood pressure adjusted for duration (%) | 11.6 | 6.3 | 3.6 | 0.07 | 20.4 | 20.6 | 0.98 |
Diabetes medications [n (%)] | <0.0001 | 0.038 | |||||
Currently on insulin only | 178 (100.0) | 207 (99.0) | 142 (88.8) | 13 (37.1) | 12 (16.0) | ||
Currently on insulin and metformin | 0 | 2 (1.0) | 12 (7.5) | 4 (11.4) | 9 (12.0) | ||
Currently on metformin only | 0 | 0 | 6 (3.8) | 17 (48.6) | 42 (56.0) | ||
No diabetes medication | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 12 (16.0) | ||
Laboratory measurements | |||||||
(%) (means ± SD) | 8.0 (1.2) | 8.6 (1.9) | 8.9 (2.0) | 0.0002 | 7.1 (2.2) | 8.5 (2.6) | 0.009 |
Adjusted for duration (means ± SE) | 8.2 (0.2) | 8.6 (0.1) | 8.7 (0.2) | 0.042 | 7.3 (0.4) | 8.4 (0.3) | 0.043 |
Glycemic control [n (%)]¶ | 0.0002 | 0.023 | |||||
Good (A1C < 8.0%) | 64 (51.6) | 75 (42.1) | 48 (34.8) | 26 (74.3) | 37 (46.8) | ||
Marginal (8.0 ≤ A1C < 9.5%) | 45 (36.3) | 48 (27.0) | 40 (29.0) | 4 (11.4) | 15 (19.0) | ||
Poor (A1C ≥ 9.5%) | 15 (12.1) | 55 (30.9) | 50 (36.2) | 5 (14.3) | 27 (34.2) | ||
GAD65 positive [n (% yes)] | 68 (58.1) | 102 (59.3) | 80 (59.3) | 0.98 | 5 (16.1) | 14 (19.2) | 0.71 |
Adjusted for duration (%) | 52.7 | 58.1 | 66.3 | 0.15 | 18.2 | 17.5 | 0.93 |
Fasting C-peptide (means ± SD) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.06 | 4.4 (2.4) | 3.9 (2.6) | 0.35 |
Mean fasting C-peptide adjusted for duration (means ± SE) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | <0.0001 | 4.2 (0.5) | 4 (0.3) | 0.69 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) (means ± SD) | 96.6 ± 22.5 | 96.2 ± 26.8 | 99.7 ± 26.1 | 0.51 | 104.4 ± 28.8 | 108.3 ± 3.5 | 0.59 |
Adjusted for duration (means ± SE) | 98.9 ± 2.6 | 97.1 ± 2.0 | 96.9 ± 2.5 | 0.83 | 105.8 ± 6.0 | 107.7 ± 4.1 | 0.80 |
High LDL cholesterol (≥100 mg/dl) [n (% yes)] | 42 (41.2) | 58 (38.2) | 58 (51.8) | 0.078 | 18 (56.3) | 38 (56.7) | 0.97 |
Adjusted for duration (% yes) | 43.5 | 39.0 | 48.8 | 0.33 | 57.4 | 56.2 | 0.91 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) (geometric means ± SD) | 50.1 ± 1.4 | 65.4 ± 1.6 | 91.4 ± 1.9 | <0.0001 | 127.7 ± 1.7 | 159.9 ± 2.0 | 0.10 |
Adjusted for duration (geometric mean ± SE) | 51.5 ± 1.1 | 66 ± 1.0 | 88.9 ± 1.1 | <0.0001 | 128.1 ± 1.1 | 159.7 ± 1.1 | 0.13 |
High triglycerides (≥110 mg/dl) [n (% yes)] | 3 (2.9) | 21 (13.8) | 38 (33.9) | <0.0001 | 19 (59.4) | 48 (71.6) | 0.22 |
Adjusted for duration (% yes) | 3.2 | 14.1 | 30.9 | <0.0001 | 60.8 | 71.2 | 0.32 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) (means ± SD) | 55.3 ± 11.7 | 54 ± 11.7 | 50.1 ± 14.1 | 0.002 | 41.6 ± 8.6 | 40.5 ± 10.4 | 0.61 |
Adjusted for duration (means ± SE) | 56.1 ± 1.2 | 54.2 ± 0.9 | 49.1 ± 1.1 | 0.0001 | 42.4 ± 1.7 | 40.2 ± 1.1 | 0.29 |
Low HDL cholesterol (≤40 mg/dl) [n (% yes)] | 9 (7.4) | 24 (13.5) | 30 (21.7) | 0.004 | 17 (50.0) | 43 (55.1) | 0.62 |
Adjusted for duration (% yes) | 6.3 | 12.7 | 24.7 | 0.0006 | 47.5 | 56.2 | 0.41 |
Apolipoprotein B [median (interquartile range)] | 70.0 (15.0) | 70.0 (29.0) | 80.0 (40.0) | 0.008 | 84.0 (30) | 97.5 (41.0) | 0.45 |
Adjusted for duration [median (interquartile range)] | 69.2 (4.4) | 70.5 (5.3) | 77.8 (7.3) | 0.20 | 88.5 (1.6) | 92.9 (4.7) | 0.66 |
High apolipoprotein B (≥90 mg/dl) [n (%)] | 11 (14.5) | 27 (19.7) | 44 (35.8) | <0.0001 | 10 (47.6) | 38 (61.3) | 0.27 |
Adjusted for duration (% yes) | 16.1 | 20.2 | 33.1 | 0.021 | 53.2 | 60.3 | 0.59 |
Age at time of in-person visit.
P value for categorical variables using χ2 test for the association between variable levels and age-groups. P value for continuous variables using ANOVA for the overall effect of age-group. P value for adjusted variables using logistic regression (categorical variables) or linear regression (continuous variables) for the overall effect of age-group. When results were missing, descriptive information and P values are based on participants with complete data.
More than one response category allowed.
Family history includes parents, grandparents, and biological siblings with any form of diabetes.
High blood pressure defined as measured blood pressure (systolic or diastolic) ≥ age-, sex-, and height-specific 95th percentile.
Glycemic control categories based on American Diabetes Association recommendations.