Effects of SD on cell viability and cell proliferation in A431 cells. Cells were treated with SD (0–600 µM) for 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. At the end of respective treatment, MTT assay (A) and BrdU incorporation assays (B) were performed as detailed in the Materials and Methods section. Values of MTT assay (A) are mean ± SE of eight replicates in each treatment, whereas values of BrdU incorporation assay (B) are mean ± SE of four samples in each treatment. (C) Ratio of proliferating cells to viable cells. *P < .05; †P < .01; ‡P < .001; §P < .0001 indicate statistical significance in SD-treated groups compared with the control.