Table 2.

Conditions associated with high uric acid levels

Gender /age	Adult men, postmenopausal women
Race	African-American, Polynesian, Maori
Cardiovascular condition	Hypertension, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, obesity, insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver, obstructive sleep apnea
Kidney	Renal failure
Pregnancy	Preeclampsia
Diet	High purine meats, fructose, high-fat diets, beer
Habits	Acute exercise
Toxins	Lead (low dose)
Drugs	Calcineurin inhibitors, diuretics, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, low-dose aspirin, niacin, some HIV medications
Catabolic states	Leukemia, tumor lysis, polycythemia vera, postbariatric surgery, starvation, psoriasis
Ketosis	Diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation, high-fat diet
Lactate	Congestive heart failure, alcohol, Gaucher’s disease
Hereditary	Lesch Nyhan syndrome, increased phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase, familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy
Other	Down’s syndrome, hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, sarcoidosis, emotional or physical stress, marathon running, high altitude