TABLE 2.
Hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for pancreatic cancer by quintile (Q) of baseline serum α-tocopherol and dietary vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) intakes in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort, Finland
| Quintiles |
|||||||
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P for trend | Continuous HR1 | |
| Serum α-tocopherol | |||||||
| Range (mg/L) | <9.3 | ≥9.3 to <10.8 | ≥10.8 to <12.2 | ≥12.2 to <14.2 | ≥14.2 | — | — |
| Cases/person-years | 82/74,098 | 59/79,946 | 44/80,899 | 79/81,158 | 54/80,517 | — | 318/396,617 |
| Crude HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.66 (0.47, 0.92) | 0.48 (0.33, 0.69) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.17) | 0.59 (0.42, 0.83) | 0.06 | 0.93 (0.88, 1.00) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 0.65 (0.46, 0.91) | 0.47 (0.32, 0.69) | 0.81 (0.57, 1.14) | 0.52 (0.34, 0.80) | 0.04 | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) |
| Tocopherol intake | |||||||
| α-Tocopherol | |||||||
| Range (μg) | <7.2 | ≥7.2 to <8.4 | ≥8.4 to <10.0 | ≥10.0 to <13.2 | ≥13.2 | — | — |
| Cases/person-years | 60/72,079 | 64/73,120 | 67/74,893 | 60/75,673 | 55/75,897 | — | 306/371,663 |
| Crude HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.74, 1.49) | 1.06 (0.75, 1.50) | 0.94 (0.66, 1.34) | 0.86 (0.59, 1.23) | 0.93 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.72, 1.47) | 1.07 (0.75, 1.54) | 0.96 (0.67, 1.39) | 0.87 (0.60, 1.26) | 0.94 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) |
| β-Tocopherol | |||||||
| Range (μg) | <0.6 | ≥0.6 to <0.7 | ≥0.7 to <0.9 | ≥0.9 to <1.1 | ≥1.1 | — | — |
| Cases/person-years | 60/72,986 | 59/73,595 | 60/74,654 | 65/74,664 | 62/75,764 | — | 306/371,663 |
| Crude HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.68, 1.40) | 0.97 (0.68, 1.39) | 1.05 (0.74, 1.49) | 0.99 (0.69, 1.41) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.66, 1.37) | 0.95 (0.66, 1.37) | 1.03 (0.72, 1.48) | 0.98 (0.68, 1.40) | 0.99 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) |
| δ-Tocopherol | |||||||
| Range (μg) | <0.3 | ≥0.3 to <0.6 | ≥0.6 to <1.0 | ≥1.0 to <3.2 | ≥3.2 | — | — |
| Cases/person-years | 53/73,444 | 67/72,812 | 65/74,840 | 68/75,718 | 53/74,849 | — | 306/371,663 |
| Crude HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.28 (0.89, 1.83) | 1.20 (0.83, 1.72) | 1.23 (0.86, 1.77) | 0.97 (0.66, 1.42) | 0.73 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 1.26 (0.86, 1.85) | 1.24 (0.83, 1.87) | 1.30 (0.87, 1.93) | 1.01 (0.68, 1.50) | 0.89 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) |
| γ-Tocopherol | |||||||
| Range (μg) | <2.8 | ≥2.8 to <4.9 | ≥4.9 to <7.5 | ≥7.5 to <13.1 | ≥13.1 | — | — |
| Cases/person-years | 53/72,116 | 71/72,744 | 68/75,228 | 62/76,150 | 52/75,424 | — | 306/371,663 |
| Crude HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.32 (0.93, 1.89) | 1.22 (0.85, 1.74) | 1.09 (0.75, 1.57) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.36) | 0.52 | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 1.32 (0.91, 1.92) | 1.30 (0.89, 1.89) | 1.18 (0.80, 1.72) | 0.98 (0.67, 1.45) | 0.79 | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) |
| Tocotrienol intake | |||||||
| α-Tocotrienol | |||||||
| Range (μg) | <1.3 | ≥1.3 to <1.7 | ≥1.7 to <2.1 | ≥2.1 to <2.6 | ≥2.6 | — | — |
| Cases/person-years | 69/73,784 | 60/73,895 | 62/74,636 | 55/75,019 | 60/74,330 | — | 306/371,663 |
| Crude HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.61, 1.23) | 0.89 (0.63, 1.25) | 0.78 (0.55, 1.11) | 0.86 (0.61, 1.22) | 0.23 | 0.96 (0.89, 1.02) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.58, 1.16) | 0.82 (0.58, 1.16) | 0.72 (0.50, 1.03) | 0.80 (0.57, 1.14) | 0.13 | 0.94 (0.88, 1.02) |
| β-Tocotrienol | |||||||
| Range (μg) | <1.9 | ≥1.9 to <2.3 | ≥2.3 to <2.7 | ≥2.7 to <3.2 | ≥3.2 | — | — |
| Cases/person-years | 62/72,253 | 51/73,831 | 70/74,464 | 70/75,154 | 53/75,960 | — | 306/371,663 |
| Crude HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.55, 1.16) | 1.09 (0.77, 1.53) | 1.07 (0.76, 1.51) | 0.80 (0.56, 1.16) | 0.84 | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.53, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.74, 1.48) | 1.03 (0.73, 1.47) | 0.79 (0.55, 1.15) | 0.81 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) |
| δ-Tocotrienol | |||||||
| Range (μg) | <0.02 | ≥0.02 to <0.04 | ≥0.04 to <0.06 | ≥0.06 to <0.13 | ≥0.13 | — | — |
| Cases/person-years | 60/72,462 | 59/71,831 | 68/74,426 | 66/76,941 | 53/76,002 | — | 306/371,663 |
| Crude HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.69, 1.42) | 1.09 (0.77, 1.55) | 1.02 (0.72, 1.45) | 0.83 (0.57, 1.20) | 0.46 | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.64, 1.36) | 1.11 (0.77, 1.61) | 1.12 (0.77, 1.62) | 0.88 (0.60, 1.29) | 0.82 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) |
| γ-Tocotrienol | |||||||
| Range (μg) | <0.10 | ≥0.10 to <0.15 | ≥0.15 to <0.22 | ≥0.22 to <0.33 | ≥0.33 | — | — |
| Cases/person-years | 61/72,782 | 73/71,934 | 54/74,610 | 64/76,135 | 54/76,202 | — | 306/371,663 |
| Crude HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.86, 1.70) | 0.86 (0.59, 1.24) | 0.99 (0.70, 1.40) | 0.83 (0.58, 1.20) | 0.48 | 0.98 (0.91, 1.04) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.81, 1.62) | 0.83 (0.57, 1.21) | 0.99 (0.69, 1.43) | 0.85 (0.58, 1.23) | 0.63 | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) |
Continuous variables were standardized to the average size of the 2 central quartiles. Therefore, this is the HR associated with a 25% change in serum concentrations relative to the cohort distribution. The P for trend is based on the P value of the continuous risk estimate.
Adjusted for age at the time of randomization, serum cholesterol, smoking history (years smoked and cigarettes smoked per day), and history of diabetes mellitus, (29,092 cohort members with complete serum data; n = 318 cases).
Dietary variables were energy-adjusted and adjusted for age at time of randomization, energy intake, smoking history (years smoked and cigarettes smoked per day), and history of diabetes mellitus (27,111 cohort members with complete dietary data; n = 306 cases).