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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2009 Jan-Feb;80(1):77–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01247.x

Table 7.

Effects of Total Amounts of Instruction for Spring Letter-Word Reading (top) and Passage Comprehension (bottom)

Spring WJ Letter-Word Outcome Score as a Function of Total Amounts of Instruction in Minutes
Fixed Effect Coefficient Standard Error t-ratio Approx. df p- value
Spring WJ Letter-Word W Intercept 454.770 1.751 259.732 44 <0.001
Child Level Variables
 Number of Times Observed 1.032 1.363 0.757 448 0.449
 Fall WJ Letter-Word W score 0.411 0.042 9.818 448 0.000
 Fall WJ Picture Vocabulary W score −0.009 0.066 −0.130 448 0.897
 Fall WJ Passage Comprehension W score 0.380 0.067 5.640 448 <0.001
 Teacher/Child-Managed Code-Focused Amount 0.174 0.248 0.702 448 0.483
 Child-Managed Meaning-Focused Amount 0.066 0.135 0.486 448 0.627
 Teacher/Child-Managed Meaning-Focused Amount 0.361 0.192 1.882 448 0.060
 Child-Managed Code-Focused Amount −0.032 0.246 −0.130 448 0.897
Classroom Level Variables
 Percent of Students Eligible for FRL −0.046 0.058 −0.792 44 0.433
 Reading First −0.215 3.172 −0.068 44 0.947
Random Effect Standard Deviation Variance Component df Chi- Square p-value
Between Classroom Residual 4.012 16.093 44 80.149 0.001
Within Classroom Residual 14.611 213.494
Deviance 3788.330
Spring WJ Passage Comprehension Score as a Function of Total Amounts of Instruction in Minutes
Fixed Effect Coefficient Standard Error t-ratio Approx. d.f. p-value
Spring WJ Passage Comprehension W Score Intercept 466.839 1.139 409.949 44 <0.001
Child Level Variables
 Number of Times Observed 1.307 0.861 1.519 448 0.129
 WJ Fall Letter-Word W score 0.147 0.027 5.446 448 <0.001
 WJ Fall Picture Vocabulary W score 0.195 0.048 4.079 448 <0.001
 WJ Fall Passage Comprehension W score 0.262 0.043 6.063 448 <0.001
 Teacher/Child-Managed Code-Focused Amount −0.022 0.16 −0.135 448 0.893
 Child-Managed Meaning-Focused Amount 0.071 0.11 0.644 448 0.520
 Teacher/Child-Managed Meaning-Focused Amount 0.314 0.133 2.366 448 0.018
 Child-Managed Code-Focused Amount −0.002 0.125 −0.018 448 0.986
Classroom Level Variables
 Free and Reduced Lunch −0.052 0.03 −1.729 44 0.090
 Reading First −1.294 1.888 −0.686 44 0.496
Random Effect Standard Deviation Variance Component df Chi- Square p-value
 Between Classroom Residual 2.257 5.094 44 67.157 0.014
 WJ Fall Passage Comprehension W score 0.108 0.012 46 64.804 0.035
 Within Classroom Residual 9.943 98.856
Deviance 3440.469