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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2009 Jan-Feb;80(1):77–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01247.x

Table 8.

Effects of Distance from Recommended Amounts of Instruction (DFR) for Spring Letter-Word Reading (top) and Passage Comprehension (bottom). DFR is the absolute value of the difference between the recommended and observed amounts of instruction.

Spring WJ Letter-Word Score as a Function of Distance from Recommended Amounts
Fixed Effect Coefficient Standard Error t-ratio Approx. df p-value
Spring WJ Letter-Word W score Intercept 533.731 15.994 33.371 44 <0.001
Child Level Variables
 Number of Times Observed 0.850 1.378 0.617 449 0.537
 Fall WJ Letter-Word W score 0.427 0.040 10.707 449 <0.001
 Fall WJ Picture Vocabulary W score 0.019 0.073 0.258 449 0.797
 Fall Passage Comprehension W score 0.364 0.066 5.525 449 <0.001
Teacher/Child-Managed Code-Focused Distance from Recommended Amount −4.170 0.970 −4.298 449 <0.001
Teacher/Child-Managed Code-Focused Distance from Recommended Slope −14.407 3.980 −3.619 449 0.001
Child-Managed Meaning-Focused Distance from Recommended Amount −0.339 0.144 −2.352 449 0.019
Classroom Level Variables
 Percentage of Students Eligible for FRL −0.032 0.065 −0.495 44 0.623
 Reading First −0.934 3.549 −0.263 44 0.794
Random Effect Standard Deviation Variance Component d.f. Chi- Square p-value
 Between Classroom Residual 3.993 15.941 44 80.721 0.001
 Within Classroom Residual 14.454 208.914
Deviance 3778.609
Spring WJ Passage Comprehension Score Outcome as a Function of Distance from Recommended Amounts in Minutes
Fixed Effect Coefficient Standard Error t-ratio Approx. d.f. p- value
Spring WJ Passage Comprehension W score Intercept 522.622 13.826 37.801 44 <0.001
Child Level Variables
 Number of Times Observed 1.143 0.884 1.293 449 0.197
 Fall WJ Letter-Word W score 0.164 0.026 6.391 449 <0.001
 WJ Fall Picture Vocabulary W score 0.216 0.054 3.997 449 <0.001
 WJ Fall Passage Comprehension W score 0.248 0.043 5.699 46 <0.001
 Teacher/Child-Managed Code-Focused DFR Amount −2.938 0.807 −3.640 449 0.001
 Teacher/Child-Managed Code-Focused DFR Slope (minutes/month) −10.541 3.423 −3.080 449 0.003
 Child-Managed Meaning-Focused Distance from Recommended amount −0.253 0.099 −2.561 449 0.011
Classroom Level Variables
 Free and Reduced Lunch −0.035 0.034 −1.031 44 0.309
 Reading First −2.017 1.982 −1.017 44 0.315
Random Effect Standard Deviation Variance Componet df Chi- Square p-value
Between Classroom Residual 2.014 4.055 44 64.221 0.025
Fall WJ Passage Comprehension W score 0.108 0.012 46 67.747 0.020
Within Classroom Residual 9.890 97.813
Deviance 3433.500