TABLE 7.
Impact of grain type, fermentation method, and solid percentage on nutritional characteristics of the DDGS
| Grain type | Fermentation method | Solids (% [wt/wt]) | %a:
|
GE (cal/g DM)b | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ash | Moisture | Crude protein | Crude fiber | Crude fat | In vitro DM digestibility | In vitro GE digestibility | ||||
| Pioneer Hi-Bred corn | Stargen-based | 20 | 5.3de | 9.4 | 34.8f | 4.0abcd | 13.4b | 55.7f | 53.9de | 5,747a |
| Stargen-based | 30 | 4.9fg | 7.2 | 30.8g | 4.1abc | 15.5a | 56.4f | 54.8d | 5,752a | |
| Jet-cooking | 30 | 5.6cd | 8.9 | 32.0g | 4.6ab | 12.5b | 53.7f | 49.7e | 5,555ab | |
| CPS wheat | Stargen-based | 20 | 4.9efg | 8.8 | 46.0a | 4.9a | 6.4efg | 71.5de | 70.0abc | 5,330bc |
| Stargen-based | 30 | 5.8bc | 6.1 | 43.1b | 5.1a | 4.9g | 70.9e | 68.5bc | 5,232bc | |
| Jet-cooking | 30 | 4.8fg | 4.2 | 43.7b | 4.2abc | 5.2g | 70.3e | 67.7c | 5,234bc | |
| Bold barley without hull | Stargen-based | 20 | 6.2ab | 7.7 | 40.4c | 2.7def | 8.1cd | 74.0abcde | 71.3abc | 5,313bc |
| Stargen-based | 30 | 5.2def | 7.6 | 40.1cd | 2.9cdef | 6.9def | 73.2bcde | 70.4abc | 5,411abc | |
| Jet-cooking | 30 | 5.2def | 4.9 | 37.2e | 3.3bcde | 5.6fg | 71.7cde | 67.7c | 5,248bc | |
| Bold barley with hull | Stargen-based | 20 | 5.7 | 7.9 | 35.3 | 8.2 | 7.2 | 60.6 | 60.5 | 5,361 |
| Xena barley without hull | Stargen-based | 20 | 5.2def | 8.8 | 43.3b | 2.0f | 7.1cde | 77.8a | 74.6a | 5,370bc |
| Stargen-based | 30 | 5.0efg | 4.4 | 40.7c | 2.3ef | 7.9cd | 75.7abc | 73.2ab | 5,383bc | |
| Jet-cooking | 30 | 6.5a | 4.5 | 39.3cd | 2.7def | 4.9g | 75.5abcd | 71.1abc | 5,155c | |
| Xena barley with hull | Stargen-based | 20 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 37.2 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 60.7 | 60.6 | 5,329 |
| Fibar barley | Stargen-based | 20 | 5.1efg | 5.7 | 39.9cd | 1.6f | 8.6c | 74.3abcde | 71.0abc | 5,512ab |
| Stargen-based | 30 | 5.1efg | 5.2 | 38.7d | 1.8f | 8.6c | 76.0ab | 70.5abc | 5,374bc | |
| Jet-cooking | 30 | 4.7g | 3.2 | 36.6e | 2.5ef | 5.8efg | 73.3bcde | 69.2bc | 5,124c | |
Means in the same column with different letters are significant (P < 0.05). Bold and Xena barley with hull were not included in statistical analysis due to unavailability of VHG jet-cooking fermentation data. The SEMs were 0.08, 0.26, 0.24, 0.27, 0.72, and 0.83 for ash, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility, and in vitro gross energy (GE) digestibility, respectively. P values were as follows: grain, <0.001; fermentation, <0.001, and grain × fermentation, <0.001 (ash); grain, <0.001; fermentation, <0.001, and grain × fermentation, <0.001 (crude protein); grain, <0.001; fermentation, 0.038, and grain × fermentation, 0.052 (crude fiber); grain, <0.001; fermentation, <0.001, and grain × fermentation, <0.001 (crude fat); grain, <0.001; fermentation, 0.003, and grain × fermentation, 0.341 (in vitro dry matter digestibility); and grain, <0.001; fermentation, <0.001, and grain × fermentation, 0.388 (in vitro gross energy digestibility).
GE, gross energy. DM, dry matter. Means in the same column with different letters are significant (P < 0.05). Bold and Xena barley with hull were not included in statistical analysis due to unavailability of VHG jet-cooking fermentation data. SEM, 62.79. P values: grain, <0.001; fermentation, 0.0004, and grain versus fermentation, 0.244.